Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro > Physio in pregnancy* > Flashcards

Physio in pregnancy* Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to the fertilised ovum first and what does it form
when does this happen

A

divides and differentiates into a blastocysts

as it moves from the site of fertilisation in the upper oviduct to the site of implantation in the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens at day 1

A

fertilisation occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens during days 3-5

A

transport of blastocyst into the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens during days 5-8

what happens to the blastocyte
what happens to the placenta

A

blastocysts attached to the lining of the uterus

inner cells form embryo and outer cells burrow into uterine wall and become placenta

produces hormones to maintain pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is the blastocysts implanted into the uterus

A

free floating blastocyst attaches to the endometrial lining
cords of the trophoblastic cells begin to penetrate the endometrium and tunnel deeper carving a hole for the blastocyst

boundaries between cells int eh advancing trophoblastic tissue disintegrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what day is the blastocyst completely buried in the uterine lining

A

by day 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the placenta derived from

A

trophoblastic cells (chorion) and decidual tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens to the trophoblastic cells

A

they differentiate into multinucleate cells called syncytiotrophoblasts which invade the decide and break down capillaries to form cavities form maternal blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the developing embryo send into the synctiotrophoblast projections

A

capillaries

placental villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does each villus contain

what does this so

A

foetal capillaries separated from maternal blood by a thin layer of tissue in the intervillous space

2 way exchange of rep gases, nutrients, metabolites between mother and foetus down a diffusion gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when is the placenta and foetal heart functional by

A

the 5th week of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is the placenta developed

A

HCG singles the CL to continue secreting prog which stimulates the decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the placenta work as

A

a physiological arteriovenous shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens as the placenta develops and why

A

it extends hair like projections (villi) into uterine wall

this increases contact area between the uterus and the placenta and more nutrients and waste materials can be exchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

blood vessels from the embryo develop where

A

in the villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cicrculation within the intervillous space acts as what

A

partly as a arteriovenous shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what role does the placenta play

what does the exchange take place between

A

fetal lungs

maternal oxygen rich blood and the umbilical blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does fatal oxygen saturated blood return to the fetus in and what does the maternal oxygen poor blood flow back in

A

umbilical vein

uterine veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

supply of the fetus with oxygen facilitated by what

A

fetal Hb - increased ability to carry oxygen
higher Hb - concentration in fatal blood - 50% more than adults
Bohr effect - fatal Hb can carry more oxygen in low CO2 than in high CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what membrane transport mechanisms lead to placental exchange processes

A 
passive transport
simple diffusion 
osmosis 
simplified transport 
active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does water diffuse into the placenta

does the exchange increase

A

by osmotic gradient

increases during pregnancy up tot he 35th week - 3.5l/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

electrolytes follow what

and what two things can only go form mother to child

A

follow water

iron and calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is glucose passed to the child

when is high glucose needed

A

passes placenta via simplified transport

3rd trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

fatty acids reach the child how

A

free diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

waste products leave the fetus how

A

concentration gradient

26
Q

what drugs can cross placental barrier

A

thalidomide, carbamazepine, coumarins, tetracycline

alcohol, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, caffeine

27
Q

What does HCG do

A

prevent involution of the CL

effect on the tests of the male fetus - development of the sex organs

28
Q

what does HCS - produced?

what does it do

A

produced from week 5 of pregnancy

growth hormone like effects - protein tissue formation
decreases insulin sensitivity in mother - more glucose for the fetus
involved in breast development

29
Q

what does progesterone do

A

development of decidual cells
decreases uterus contractility
prepares for lactation

30
Q

what does oestrogen’s do

A

enlargement of uterus
breast development
relaxation of ligaments
estriol level - indicator of vitality of fetus

31
Q

what changes in CO during pregnancy

A

it increases due to demand of the uteroplacental circulation

32
Q

how much does the CO increase and when
when does it peak
what does it lead to

A

30-50% above normal - begins week 6 and peaks at week 24

placental circulation, increased metabolism, thermoregulation, renal circulation

33
Q

when does the CO decrease and what happens during labour

A

in the last 8 weeks - become sensitive to body position - uterus compresses vena cava

increases 30% during labour

34
Q

what happens to the heart rate during preg

A

increases up to 90bpm to increase CO

35
Q

what happens to blood pressure during preg

A

drops during the 2nd trim as uteroplacantal circulation expands and peripheral resistance decreases

36
Q

what happens to cardiovascular changes during in pregnancy with twins

A

CO increases more and BP drops more

37
Q

what haematological changes occur during pregnancy and why

A

plasma volume increases proportional to CO (50%)

RBC increases -25%

Hb is decreased by dilution - decreases blood viscosity

iron requirements increase 6-7mg/day in 2nd half of preg
iron supplement needed

38
Q

respiratory changes during preg
why
what

A

progesterone signals brain to lower Co2 levels

O2 consumption increases (20% above normal)

growing uterus interferes with lung action

SO

resp rate increases
tida and minute volume increases by 50%
pco2 decreases slightly
vital capacity and pO2 don’t change

39
Q

changes in the urinary system during pregnancy

A

glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow increase up to 30-50% and oaks at 16-24 weeks

increased re absorption of ions and water
- placental steroids, aldosterone

slight increase of urine formation

postural changes affect renal functions
upright position decreases
supine position increases
lateral positions during sleep increases

40
Q

what is pre eclampsia

A

pregnancy induced hypertension and proteinuria

41
Q

what are the signs of pre eclampsia

A

increasing BP since the 20th week
kidney function declines - salt and water retention - oedema formation esp in hands and face
RBF and GFR decreases

42
Q

who is pre eclampsia more common in

single most significant risk is what

A

pre existing ht, DM, autoimmune disease, renal disease, FH, obesity, multiple gestation

had pre eclampsia previously

43
Q

what causes pre eclampsia

A

extensive secretion of placental hormones
immune response to fetus
insufficient blood supply to placenta

44
Q

what is eclampsia
symptoms
treatment

A

extreme pre eclampsia

vascular spasms, extreme hypertension, chronic seizures and coma

vasodilators and C sec

45
Q

maternal average weight gain total

fetus
fluid/tissue
uterus
breasts
body fluid
fat accumulation
A

24

7
4
2
2
6
3
46
Q

how much extra calories have to be taken in by the mother during pregnancy and what happens to it

A

250-300 kcal/day

85% fetal metabolism and 15% stored as maternal fat

47
Q

how much extra protein intake does the mother have to take

how much glucose does the fetus need

A

30g/day

by the end of the pregnancy 5mg/kg/min

48
Q

what are the two phases of the pregnancy in relation to maternal-feral metabolism

A

1-20 weeks mother anabolic phase
anabolic metabolism of the mother
small nutritional demands of the conceptus

21-40 weeks esp in the last trimester - catabolic phase
hig metabolic demands of the fetus
accelerated starvation of the mother

49
Q

what is the anabolic phase

A

normal of increases sensitivity to insulin
lower plasmatic glucose level
lipogenesis, glycogen stored increases
growth of breasts, uterus, weight gain

50
Q

what is the catabolic phase

A

accelerated starvation

maternal insulin resistance
increases transport of nutrients through the placental membrane
lipolysis

51
Q

why is insulin resistant caused by and which phase is it in

A

HCS, cortisol and GH

catabolic phase

52
Q

what is the special nutritional need in pregnancy

A

higher protein and energy intake
iron supplenments - 300mg ferrous sulfate
B vitamine - erythopoesis
Folic acid
Vit D3 and calcium suppléments
K vitamins before parturition to prevent intracranial bleeding during labour

53
Q

why is folic acid given

A

reduces risk of neural tube defects

54
Q

what happens to the uterus towards the end of the pregnancy and why

A

becomes more excitable

estrogen: prog ratio alters leading to excitedness
prog inhibits contractility and oestrogen increases it

55
Q

what does oxytocin do at the time of birth

A

from mother pit gland

increases contractions and excitability

56
Q

what are the fatal hormones and what do they do

A

oxytocin, adrenal gland, prostaglandin

control timing of labour

57
Q

what part do muscles and the cervix play in birth

A

mechanical stretch of uterine muscles increase contractility

stretch of cervix also stimulate uterine contractions

58
Q

what happens during the onset of labour

A

braxton hicks contractions
stretch of cervix by head increases contractility - pos feedback
cervical stretching - further oxytocin release
strong contraction and pain causes neurogenic reflexes from spinal cord that induce strong abdominal muscle contractions

59
Q

1st stage of labour
2nd
3rd

A 
cervical dilation (8-24 hours)
passage through birth canal (few mins to 30)
expulsion of placenta
60
Q

what causes growth of ductile system
what causes development of lobule-alveolar system
what inhibits milk production and what happen to these at birth

A

estrogen
prog
E and P - drop in them

61
Q

what stimulates milk production

A

prolactin - steady rise in week5-birth
1-7 days after birth 0 high levels of prolcatin
stimulates colostrum (low volume, no fat)

62
Q

whats a stimulus for lactation and what does oxytocin do

A

suckling

milk let down reflex

Repro (56 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions