ITA tutorial* Flashcards
some bleeding and possible pain but ongoing pregnancy
threatened miscarriage
passage of some but not all the products of conception
incomplete miscarriage
what is a hydatidiform mole
pre malignant tumour of trophoblastic villi - no fetus but a collection of fluid filled sacs
risks of medical TOP
side effects from tablets - nausea and sickness
need 2 hospital appointments
may be severe pain/heavy bleeding
risks of surgical TOP
uterine perforation
infection
how long after a miscarriage can a patient start trying to get pregnant again
usually after one period has passed
commonest cause of male infertility
idiopathic
obstructive causes of male infertility
vasectomy
infection - chlamydia/ghon
congenital absence of VD
non constructive causes of male infertility
undescended testis orchitis torsion/trauma chromosomal hormonal testicular cancer
other causes of male infertility
varicocele
chemo
erectile dysfunction
normal size of male testis
prepubertal 1-3ml
pubertal 4ml
adult sizes 12-25ml
what causes testis to be reduced in volume
any condition that causes testicular failure can reduce testicular volume - undescended testis, orchitis, klinefelters syndrome, post chemo
investigations for azoospermia
examination of genetilia - incl presence of VD and size of testis
endocrine tests - LH, FHS, testosterone, prolactin, thyroid function
chromosome analysis for CF or kilnefelters
testicular biopsy to assess any sperm production and exclude testicular cancer
consider testicular USS if abnormality found of examination
management for testicular failure
surgical sperm aspiration -if sperm obtained then use for intracytoplasmic sperm injection
risks of sperm aspiration
testocular haematoma/infection
and risk of anaesthesia
