Physical Science

Question 1

Proton vs. Neutron vs. Electon

Answer 1

Proton- mass of 1.007 atomic mass units, # of protons = which element it is. EX: 1 proton= Hydrogen & 12 protons= carbon
Neutron- mass of 1.008 atomic mass units, does not affect chemical property but influences its rate of radioactivity,
* ONLY PROTONS & NEUTRONS ARE FOUND IN NUCLEUS OF ATOM*
Electron- mass of 0,00055 atomic mass units.

Question 2

What 2 classes make up Ions?

Answer 2

Cation- atom with more protons than electrons.Anion- atom with more electrons than protons.

Question 3

What is John Dalton’s Atomic Theory developed in 1808 (4 Parts)

Answer 3

1) Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
2) Each element has a set of properties that are distinct and different from other elements.
3) Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or transformed through physical changes. (we now know they can but it requires a mass amount of energy and radioactive elements can be transformed into other elements)
4) Compounds are defined by a specific ratio of atoms that are combined with one another.

Question 4

How to find the charge of an atom?

Answer 4

Subtract Positive # then Neg # (EX: an atom has 5 protons & 7 electrons 5 -7 = -2, the atom is negatively charged, -2)

Question 5

What is Electron Configuration?

Answer 5

The location of an atom’s electrons. Each atom holds a dense nucleus made of protons & neutrons with 2 electrons orbiting nucleus giving it it’s actual size (not weight).

Question 6

What are the 4 orbital shapes?

Answer 6

1) S has 1 orbital & holds 2 electons
2) P has 3 orbitals & holds 6 electrons
3) D has 5 orbitals & holds 10 electrons
4) F has 7 orbitals & holds 7 electons.

Question 7

Valence

Answer 7

-The number of electrons in an atom’s outermost shell that determin it’s reactivity.
-Sodium & Chlorine are very reactive because they only need one electron to reach a full valence shell & react.
- Noble gases are not reactive at all because they already have a full valence shell (no free electron to react)

Question 8

Periodic Table

Answer 8

1) Proposed by Dmitri Mendeleev
2) Each column= a group
3) Each row= period
Elements in the same column/group have similar electron configurations & electrons in their valence*

Question 9

Atomic Number vs. Atomic Mass

Answer 9

1) Atomic Number- top of each cell & is the number of protons in the element.
2) Atomic Mass- number below the element symbol that represents the total mass.
Atomic Mass- Atomic Number= # of Neutrons

Question 10

Isotopes

Answer 10

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Question 11

Groups of Elements

Answer 11

1) Alkali Metal
2) Alkali Earth Metals
3) Transition Metals
4) Semi-Metallic
5) Halogens
6) Noble Gases

Question 12

Alkali Metals vs. Alkali Earth Metals

Answer 12

1) Alkali Metal- silvery soft metals, one single valence= very reactive (Lithium, Sodium, Potassium)
Alkali Earth Metals- silvery soft metals, two valence electrons= not as reactive as Alkali but still highly reactive (Magnesium, Calcium, Barium, & Radium)

Question 13

Transition Metals

Answer 13

1) Largest part of the periodic table.
2) Capable of conducting electricity.
3) Valence are all in D orbitals making them complex & found in many different compounds
4) Moderately reactive
5) Titanium, Iron, Magnesium, Copper, Mercury, Zinc

Question 14

Halogens vs. Noble Gases

Answer 14

• Halogens are extremely reactive gases (similar to alkali metals) but have 7 electons in their valence shell & are often hazerdous to humans because of their reactivity at room temperature. EX: Fluorine & Chlorine
  -Noble Gasses- Full valence shell, not reactive EX: Helium & Radon