Parts of a Cell

Question 1

Mitochandria

Answer 1

Organelles responsible for making ATP (energy)

Question 2

Vacuole

Answer 2

Small organelle used to transfer materials within and out of the cell.

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

Contains all the genetic information (DNA).
Where DNA replication and transcription occur. Afterward mRNA is transported out of the nucleus.

Question 4

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

Used for translation of mRNA into proteins.
- Rough ER has ribosomes attached to transform RNA into protein
- Smooth ER associated with production of fats and steroid hormones

Question 5

Ribosomes

Answer 5

small two-protein unit that reads mRNA & creates an amino acid

Question 6

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 6

Collects, packages, & distributes the proteins produced by ribosomes

Question 7

Chloroplasts

Answer 7

ONLY FOUND IN PLANT CELLS, where the reactions of photosynthesis take place.

Question 8

Cell Membrane

Answer 8

-A semi-permiable membrane that surrounds the cells and controls what enters & leaves.
-Composed of Phospholipids

Question 9

What is the difference between plant cells & animal cells?

Answer 9

Plant cells have a cell wall that doesn’t allow molecules to flow in or out.

Question 10

Phospholipids

Answer 10

-Consist of an alkane tail & phospho-group head
1) Alkane Tail= hydrophobic
2) Phospho-group Head= hydrophilic
- Both of these molecules arrange to form the phospholipid bilayer which controls the import and export of substances into the cell.

Question 11

Active Transport

Answer 11

• Uses ATP to move a molecule against the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high) or used to import/export a bulky molecule (sugar or a protein) across cell membrane.

Question 12

Passive Transport

Answer 12

• Does not require ATP & allows molecules such as water passively diffuse across cell membrane.
  EX: Facilitated Diffusion or Osmosis

Question 13

Osmosis

Answer 13

-The process by which water enters or exits a cell.

Question 14

Tonicity

Answer 14

-The concentration of solutes in a cell.
- Chemiosmotic Potential attempts to make tonicity equal across the membrane (inside & outside cell)
- EX: if higher tonicity inside the cell, water will enter the cell. If higher tonicity outside the cell, water will leave the cell.

Question 15

3 Types of Tonicity

Answer 15

1) Isotonic- same concentration of solutes inside & outside the cell (no water transport)
2) Hypertonic- concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher so water will leave the cell (what happens if a cell is placed in a salty solution)
3) Hypotonic- concentration of solutes inside the cell is high so water will enter the cell (cell will swell becoming turgid)

Question 16

What does salting meat do?

Answer 16

Creates a hypertonic environment that dehydrates microbes such as disease- causing bacteria to protect meat from infection (bacterial cells lose so much water that they can no longer function).

Question 17

Cell Communication

Answer 17

1) Cycle AMP & Neurotransmitters are used for signaling cells close together.
2) Hormones are used for long-range or endocrine signaling (EX: production of insulin by the pancreas because it is only produced by cells in the pancreas but affects nearly all other cells in the body (by binding to receptors on a cell & telling it to take in more glucose).

Question 18

The Cell Cycle (Go Sally Go, Make Children!)

Answer 18

1) G1: Growth Phase 1
2) S phase: DNA Synthesis
3) G2: Growth Phase 2
4) Mitosis
5) Cytokinesis
Phases 1-3 = Interphase (80-90% of total time in cell)*

Question 19

What is Mitosis & it’s 5 substages? (IPPMAT, I Perfectly Passed My Math Test)

Answer 19

1) Prophase- DNA winds into chromatin & each pair of chromosomes are joined.
2) Prometaphase- nuclear membrane dissolves allowing chromosomes to attach to microtubules (which are linked to centrioles)
3) Metaphase- centrioles go to opposite sides of the cell, chromosomes align in the middle.
4) Anaphase- chromosomes move to separate sides of the cell & the cell structure starts to pull apart.
5) Telophase & Cytokinesis- Cell membrane splits & two new daughter cells are formed.

Question 20

What is Meiosis?

Answer 20

Cellular division that creates gamets (sex cells)