Physical Properties of Urine Flashcards
Physical exam consists of
Color
Clarity
Spec. Gravity
(Color ranges from colorless to black)
Color of urine can result from”
Normal met function, physical activity, ingestion of materials, pathologies, bacteria
Describe normal urine Color
Urochrome
l
e
c
dark
depends
yellowish
lipid sol pigment
endogenous met.
constant rate
Darkens upon light exposure
depends on met. state
Describe euroerythrin
attaches to
precipitates
am
pink color, attaches to urates, precipitate at fridge temps
amorphous urates
Describe Urobilin
oxidation of urobiligen, orange brown color
(urobiligen is norm and colorless)
Describe the overview of abn colors
Dark yellow/amber
what organ damage?
may be normal from presence of bilirubin or bile duct/liver damage
T/F bilirubin has yellow foam when shaken
t
what color do proteins in the urine make when shaken
White foam when shaken
Yellow-orange color results from
large amounts of urobiligen being converted to urobilin (photo oxidation)
YELLOW FOAM DOESNT APPEAR WHEN SHAKEN
Describe Phyridium (Azo)
may cause yellow/amber color
UTI medication
will interfere with dipstick
YELLOW FOAM (mistaken for bili)
ICTOTEST
Yellow green
may occur from photo oxidation product of bilirubin - biliverdin
Pink/red/brown
red = blood (can be clear)
brown color appears due to oxidation of Hgb to Methgb (acid urine)
RED
hgb/myoglobulin
RBC - cloudy
Red clear - hgb/myoglobulin
Describe myoglobulin
breakdown of skeletal muscles (rapidly cleared by kidney)
plasma clear
Describe Hgb
breakdown of rbcs
red plasma
Port red wine
oxidation of porphobiligen to porphyrins
Non pathogenic causes of red urine
Beets
menstration
medications
Brown/Black
melanin: oxidation of melanogen (colorless) produced in excess w malign melanoma
Homogentisic acid: met. of phenyaline
inborn error of met
alkaptonuria
Blue/Green- purple
green - bacterial infect pseudomonas UTI
blue/Indican: interst tract
tryptophan - indole - indican
color interference
Purple: klebsiella prov. spp only catheterized
Blue/Green normal causes
phenol
mints
intrav. medications (phenol)
Pyridium vs bilirubin
P: clear plasma
yellow foam
drug
B: yellow foam
+ ICTOTEST
Liver
Clear
Hazy/sl cloud
Cloudy
Turbid
Milky
C: no part, transparent
H: few part, print seen
C: many part, print blurred
T: print not seen
M: may precipitate - clot
What causes milky urine
radioactive dye, chylaurea
Ex of non pathogenic turbid
Path turbid
non: squamous epithelial
mucus
crystals
talc powder
Path:
rbc/wbc/bact
yeast
non-sq epith
Describe specific gravity
measure of density of dissolve dchem in urine
first renal funct impared is reabsorbtion
INFLUENCED BY # PARTICLES AND SIZE
Describe the refractometer
determin
velocity
dissolved
more conc =
determ conc of dissolved part. in specimen
velocity of light in air vs solution
dissolved particles will change angle
more conc = inc angle
Describe the Urinometer
s.g
weighted
large
spec grav at temp 20deg
weighted float, bouyancy, meniscus =1
large vol of urine
Reagent strips
pH >6.5
ONLY
Large
No p
screening test determined on .005 interval
spec w pH >6.5 have dec readings due to bromy blue
ONLY IONIC SOLUTES
LARGE ORGANIC MOL (GLUC/UREA) NOT MEASURED, NO PLASMA/RADIOGRAPH
Isothenuric urine
S g 1.010
Hypothenuric S G
Hypothenuris S G
<1.010
> 1.010
T/F Specimens <1.002 question integ of sample
t
Random urine spec RR
1.002 - 1.035
Avg random Spec RR
1.015 - 1.025
T/F abn high results >1.035 possible intrav injection
true
Reagent strip method or Osmometer will not be affected bu these two subst
Radiograph contrast media
high MW plasma expander
High Urine S.G
dilute/retest 1:2 (urine:distilled water)
What does the refractometry scale go by?
2x
1.020 —> 1.040
Odor
usually clinically insign
ammonia breakdown as urine sits RT
diab ketones - fruity
Bacteria/yeast - foul
Maple syrup urine
Asparagus
PKU - mousy
