Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe urine formation

A

approx 170,000ml filtered plasma forms and average daily urine vol of 1200mL

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2
Q

T/F avg urine vol is 1200mL or 5 cups

A

true

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3
Q

Describe urine composition

A

consists of organic and inorganic solutes
95% water 5% solutes

Urea = 1/2 of dissolved solids
(Urea is a breakdown of amino acids)

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4
Q

What are somethings that affect urine

A

diet, activity, body metabolism, sleep diabetes (glucose)

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5
Q

What are some organic substances in Urine

A

CREATININE
Uric acid - crystals (barrel/hexagon)

and hippuric acid minor

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6
Q

What are some inorganic substances in urine

A

Chloride
sodium
potassium

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7
Q

What are some other major substances found in urine

A

hormones
vitamines
Formed elements: cells, bacteria, casts, crystals
medications

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8
Q

How do you test a liquid to see if its urine?

A

test for Urea and Creatinine both are present in higher concentrations in urine than other body fluids

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9
Q

What are some factors that influence urine volume

A

fluid intake
fluid loss from non renal sources/sweat/burns
variations in secretions (Antidiretic hormones)
kidneys need to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids

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10
Q

What is the normal daily output of urine

A

1200-1500Ml
normally 600-2000mL daily

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11
Q

Describe Oliguria

A

decrease in norm urine volume excessive water loss/vomit/dirrhea/burns

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12
Q

Describe Anuria

A

cessation of urine flow, serious damage to kidneys/dec blood flow to kidneys

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13
Q

Describe Nocturia

A

increase in nocturnal excretion of urine, kidney excretes 2-3x more urine during day than night

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14
Q

Describe polyuria

A

increased in daily urine vol, diabtes mellitus, insipidus, diuretics…

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15
Q

Describe diabetes mellitus

A

deficiency in pancreatic production of insulin or def. function of insulin
increase in blood glucose concentration

Polydipisa increased water

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16
Q

What does urine look like in diabetes mellitus

A

increased volume
increased specific gravity due to increased glucose

17
Q

Describe diabetes insipidus

A

Decreased ADH production or renal tubular dystfunction
poly dipisa

Urine has increased vol
Decreased specific gravity

18
Q

T/F you use large containers for 24 hr urine collection

19
Q

What is the minimum mL level for urine testing

A

50mL

typically transported to another tube that holds 10-15mL

20
Q

When should specimens be tested

A

testing within 2hr of collection

if >2hr fridge/ice/preservatives

(bacterial growth can occur with increased glucose)

21
Q

What are some ways you can tell urine has been compromised?

A

color change
smell
turbidity
increased pH
dec glucose
dec rbc/wbc

22
Q

What is the most commonly used perservative and its pros and cons

A

pros: dec bacterial growth

cons: can cause precipitation of amorphous crystals, microscopic sediment

23
Q

Ideal preservation?

A

bactericial
inhibits urease
preserves formed elements
doesnt hinder chemical testing

24
Q

T/F random testing is the most common and most useful for screening tests

25
Describe first morning specimens
routine screenings pregnancy most concentrated
26
Describe osthostatic proteinurina
normal at night, increased during day urine void propr to recumbent position 8hr urine taken upon waking up
27
Describe fasting specimen
second morning collected after a period of time 10-12 hrs glucose monitoring
28
Describe 2hr post prandial specimens
pt voids urine and discards sample eats meal high in glucose like glucola 2hr post meal specimen in collected monitor insulin theraphy in pts w diabetes mellitus
29
Describe glucose tolerance specimens
urine and blood 8-15 hr fast GTT 2hrs post meal fasting N:110 Pre 110-126 D:126 Oral 140 D 200
30
Describe the 24hr timed specimen
if concentration varies use 24hr pt uses bathroom and flushes then starts timer add and preserve until time is done
31
Describe catherized specimens
urethra into bladder, specimen may be collected from each kidney through the urter of each kidney used for bacterial cultures
32
Describe mid-stream clean catch
less traumatic wipe, pee a little stop, collect
33
Describe suprapubic aspiration
collect via bladder thin needle usful in bacterial culture that is completely free of ext. cont cytology
34
Describe pediatric samples
clear bag w adhesive, urine in sterile bag
35
Describe Prosititis
3 step collection (2nd cup control) mid stream clean catch 1/3 exam microscopically prostate infect = 3rd cup has 3x bacteria than the 1st
36
Describe COC in drug testing
procedure steps every second of the way llegally prove that no tampering has occured somtimes can be witnessed urine temp needs to be 32.5-37.5