Lecture 1 Flashcards
Describe urine formation
approx 170,000ml filtered plasma forms and average daily urine vol of 1200mL
T/F avg urine vol is 1200mL or 5 cups
true
Describe urine composition
consists of organic and inorganic solutes
95% water 5% solutes
Urea = 1/2 of dissolved solids
(Urea is a breakdown of amino acids)
What are somethings that affect urine
diet, activity, body metabolism, sleep diabetes (glucose)
What are some organic substances in Urine
CREATININE
Uric acid - crystals (barrel/hexagon)
and hippuric acid minor
What are some inorganic substances in urine
Chloride
sodium
potassium
What are some other major substances found in urine
hormones
vitamines
Formed elements: cells, bacteria, casts, crystals
medications
How do you test a liquid to see if its urine?
test for Urea and Creatinine both are present in higher concentrations in urine than other body fluids
What are some factors that influence urine volume
fluid intake
fluid loss from non renal sources/sweat/burns
variations in secretions (Antidiretic hormones)
kidneys need to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids
What is the normal daily output of urine
1200-1500Ml
normally 600-2000mL daily
Describe Oliguria
decrease in norm urine volume excessive water loss/vomit/dirrhea/burns
Describe Anuria
cessation of urine flow, serious damage to kidneys/dec blood flow to kidneys
Describe Nocturia
increase in nocturnal excretion of urine, kidney excretes 2-3x more urine during day than night
Describe polyuria
increased in daily urine vol, diabtes mellitus, insipidus, diuretics…
Describe diabetes mellitus
deficiency in pancreatic production of insulin or def. function of insulin
increase in blood glucose concentration
Polydipisa increased water
What does urine look like in diabetes mellitus
increased volume
increased specific gravity due to increased glucose
Describe diabetes insipidus
Decreased ADH production or renal tubular dystfunction
poly dipisa
Urine has increased vol
Decreased specific gravity
T/F you use large containers for 24 hr urine collection
true
What is the minimum mL level for urine testing
50mL
typically transported to another tube that holds 10-15mL
When should specimens be tested
testing within 2hr of collection
if >2hr fridge/ice/preservatives
(bacterial growth can occur with increased glucose)
What are some ways you can tell urine has been compromised?
color change
smell
turbidity
increased pH
dec glucose
dec rbc/wbc
What is the most commonly used perservative and its pros and cons
pros: dec bacterial growth
cons: can cause precipitation of amorphous crystals, microscopic sediment
Ideal preservation?
bactericial
inhibits urease
preserves formed elements
doesnt hinder chemical testing
T/F random testing is the most common and most useful for screening tests
True
Describe first morning specimens
routine screenings
pregnancy
most concentrated
Describe osthostatic proteinurina
normal at night, increased during day
urine void propr to recumbent position
8hr urine taken upon waking up
Describe fasting specimen
second morning
collected after a period of time 10-12 hrs
glucose monitoring
Describe 2hr post prandial specimens
pt voids urine and discards sample
eats meal high in glucose like glucola
2hr post meal specimen in collected
monitor insulin theraphy in pts w diabetes mellitus
Describe glucose tolerance specimens
urine and blood
8-15 hr fast GTT
2hrs post meal
fasting N:110
Pre 110-126
D:126
Oral 140
D 200
Describe the 24hr timed specimen
if concentration varies use 24hr
pt uses bathroom and flushes then starts timer
add and preserve until time is done
Describe catherized specimens
urethra into bladder, specimen may be collected from each kidney through the urter of each kidney
used for bacterial cultures
Describe mid-stream clean catch
less traumatic
wipe, pee a little stop, collect
Describe suprapubic aspiration
collect via bladder thin needle
usful in bacterial culture that is completely free of ext. cont
cytology
Describe pediatric samples
clear bag w adhesive, urine in sterile bag
Describe Prosititis
3 step collection (2nd cup control)
mid stream clean catch
1/3 exam microscopically
prostate infect = 3rd cup has 3x bacteria than the 1st
Describe COC in drug testing
procedure steps every second of the way
llegally prove that no tampering has occured
somtimes can be witnessed
urine temp needs to be 32.5-37.5
