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Physics > Physical Geography Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Physical Geography Hazardous Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Average depth of continentalcrust

A

35km

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2
Q

Density of continental crust

A

2.6 kg/m^3

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3
Q

Depth of oceanic crust

A

10km

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4
Q

Density of oceanic crust

A

3kg/m^3

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5
Q

Depth of lithosphere

A

crust-100km

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6
Q

Characteristics of the lithosphere

A

Rigid

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7
Q

Depth of Asthenosphere

A

100-300km

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8
Q

Characteristics of asthenosphere

A

Plastic

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9
Q

Depth of mesosphere

A

300-2900km

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10
Q

Characteristics of mesosphere

A

Solid

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11
Q

Depth of core

A

2900-6400km

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12
Q

Inner core characteristics

A

Solid iron and nickel

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13
Q

Outer core characteristics

A

liquid

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14
Q

When did maps of seismic activity emerge

A

1960s

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15
Q

Evidence for continental drift and plate techtonics

A

Plate movement
geological evidence
biological evidence
paleomagnetism
the age of sea-floor rocks

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16
Q

Define plate movement

A

convection currents due to rising parts of the asthenosphere that reach lithosphere, dragging the techtonic plates.

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17
Q

Who originally proposed continental drift

A

Alfred Wegener 1912

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18
Q

Examples of geological evidence for plate techtonics

A

Fit of SA and africa
Glaciacion of India, Australia

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19
Q

Biological evidence for plate techtonics

A

Glossopteris fossil found in Antarctica, Australia, India
Mesosaurus in SA and Africa

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20
Q

Define paleomagnetism

A

Changes in earths polarity is recorded in minerals on the sea floor.

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21
Q

How does the age of the sea floor rocks present evidence for plate techtonics

A

oldest sediments found near continents, younger deposits found out in oceans.
Large scale trenches suggest that crust subduction into the asthenosphere

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22
Q

Define ridge push

A

Plate pushed by the weight of a mid-ocean ridge

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23
Q

Define slab pull

A

Plate pulled by the weight of its cold, dense subducting region.

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24
Q

Define convection currents

A

Plate dragged by a convection current in the mantle

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25
Q

What boundry occurs during divergent plate movement

A

Constructive boundry

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26
Q

What boundry occurs during convergent plate movement

A

destructive (oceanic to continental)

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27
Q

What boundry occurs during transform plate movement

A

conservative

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28
Q

What boundry occurs during convergent plate movement (continental - continental)

A

collision

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29
Q

What boundry occurs during convergent plate movement (oceanic - oceanic)

A

destructive (oceanic to oceanic)

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30
Q

What type of lava is in an explosive eruption

A

Acidic

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31
Q

What type of lava is in an effusive eruption

A

Basic

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32
Q

Properties of pyroclastic flow

A

Explosive eruption
Up to 500 degrees
Poisonous
Faster than 100mph

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33
Q

Properties of tephra

A

Explosive eruption
Tiny fragments of rock thrown by an eruption (often creates volcanic ash)

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34
Q

Properties of Poisonous gas

A

Explosive and effusive
Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide
produces acid rain

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35
Q

Properties of a lahar

A

Explosive eruption (must have tephra)
Fast flow of mud and tephra produced by heavy rains after an eruption
local, up to 50kmph

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36
Q

Properties of a tsunami in an eruption (+speed)

A

Explosive eruption
wave speed up to 600kmph

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37
Q

Define Jokulhlaup

A

Explosive and effusive eruptions
sudden release of glacial melt water

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38
Q

Define volcanic winter

A

Effusive and explosive
Global scale, can cause food shortages.
Sulphur dioxide

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39
Q

What are techtonic plates made of

A

Crust and lithosphere

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40
Q

What is a volcano

A

A landform created by eruption of molten rock

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41
Q

Define volatile

A

Evapourates without energy (water)
Rock can now melt as volatiles have been added (destructive boundry)

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42
Q

Define decompression

A

No longer being pushed down by crust
Allows rock to melt and erupt (shield)

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43
Q

Plate boundry of basic lava

A

Constructive/ divergent

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44
Q

Type of melting/eruption for basic lava

A

decompression

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45
Q

Which layers melt to form basic lava

A

Mantle

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46
Q

Viscocity and silica content of basic lava

A

Not viscous, less silica

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47
Q

How are gasses vented in basic lava

A

Vented steadily

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48
Q

What types of rocks are produced by basic lava

A

Basalt

49
Q

Temp of basic lava

A

Up to 1200

50
Q

eruption type of basic lava

A

effusive

51
Q

Volcano shape of basic lava

A

sheild, fissure

52
Q

Plate boundry of acidic lava

A

destructive

53
Q

Type of melting for acidic lava

A

Addition of volatiles during subduction

54
Q

Which layers melt to form acidic lava

A

oceanic crust

55
Q

Viscosity and silica content of acidic lava

A

Viscous, high silica

56
Q

How are gasses vented in acidic lava

A

trapped until violent eruption

57
Q

Type of rock produced by acidic lava

A

Andesitic

58
Q

Temp of acidic lava

A

650 - 1000

59
Q

eruption type of acidic lava

A

explosive

60
Q

Volcano produced by acidic lava

A

composite / strato

61
Q

What is VEI and what does it measure

A

Volcanic explosivity index
Magniude (how much material)
Intensity (how fast)

62
Q

What is VEI and what does it measure

A

Volcanic explosivity index
Magniude (how much material)
Intensity (how fast)

63
Q

What is the term for the limit where rock cracks

A

threshold

64
Q

What happens when stress reaches threshold

A

plates jolt

65
Q

Define focus

A

where the rock cracks underground

66
Q

Define seismic waves

A

stress release causing jolts, vibrate through rocks on the surface

67
Q

epicentre

A

point on surface above focus

68
Q

What is the wadati-benioff zone

A

Zone of EQs next to destructive plate boundry
70 - 700km deep

69
Q

What does the richter scale measure

A

magnitude (amount of energy released on a logarithmic scale)

70
Q

What does the modified mercalli scale measure

A

Damage / intensity (qualitative descriptions of damage in 12 catagories)

71
Q

What does the moment magnitude scale measure

A

Magnitude (how much ground shaking occurs)

72
Q

Define P waves

A

Primary
Ground shakes laterally
moderate damage
fast

73
Q

Define S waves

A

Secondary
Ground shakes vertically
slight damage
average speed

74
Q

Define L waves

A

Surface
Ground shakes rolling
Severe damage
slow

75
Q

Effects of liquefaction

A

Structures tilt and sink
Fine grain sands behave like water

76
Q

Define pillow lava

A

Underwater divergent boundry
basaltic lava

77
Q

Landforms created by divergent boundrys

A

In water - mid ocean ridge
On land - rift valley

78
Q

Describe formation of rift valley

A

Rising mantle rock
Pushes crust into dome
Divergence (uplift) causes crust to fault and crack
Rock is weakened - dome subsides
Creates steep valley sides + flat floor

79
Q

How do some volcanoes become calderas

A

Magma chamber empties and unsupported rock above collapses
crater and collapsed roof remain

80
Q

Moment magnitude of Japan earthquake

A

9.0

81
Q

Date of japan earthquake

A

2011

82
Q

Height of tsunami japan 2011

A

40

83
Q

How many people died japan 2011

A

16,000

84
Q

GDP of Japan

A

39,000

85
Q

Mitigation against the event japan 2011

A

sea wall

86
Q

Mitigation against vunerability japan 2011

A

research + monitoring
building design
education

87
Q

Mitigation against losses japan 2011

A

rescue workers (100,000 from armed forces)
slow recovery from fukushima
rehearsed plans

88
Q

Moment magnitude of Haiti eq

A

7.0

89
Q

date of haiti eq

A

2010

90
Q

how far was epicentre from port au prince

A

25km

91
Q

building faliures? haiti 2010

A

pancake collapse

92
Q

how many people died haiti 2010

A

230,000

93
Q

how many ppl made homeless haiti 2010

A

2.3 million

94
Q

Mitigation against the even haiti 2010

A

none

95
Q

Mitigation against vunerability haiti

A

new eq proof buildings
world bank waived dept for 5 years

96
Q

Mitigation against losses haiti

A

3500 US troops
NGO for emergancy shelters, food + water

97
Q

GDP per capita of Haiti

A

1,800

98
Q

GDP of italy

A

36,000

99
Q

economic impacts of mt etna eruption

A

tourism decrease
orange + vineyards destroyed

100
Q

mitigation against the event etna

A

earth barriers
concrete blocks

101
Q

mitigation against vunerability etna

A

volcano monitoring
promt evacuations

102
Q

mitigation against losses etna

A

families can afford insurance
government compensation
well resourced public services

103
Q

GDP of indonesia

A

4,000

104
Q

how far did the pyroclastic flows reach marapi

A

15km

105
Q

economic impacts of marapi

A

livestock killed
farms + crops destroyed

106
Q

How many poeple died merapi

A

367

107
Q

Mitigation against the event merapi

A

river channels cleared to contained lahars

108
Q

mitigation against vunerability merapi

A

evacuation
gradual improvements to monitoring
BNBP est 2008 to monnitor voclanoes

109
Q

mitigation against losses merapi

A

limited resourced from gov
temporary shelters in safe zones
subsistance farmes (no food)

110
Q

How is a mid ocean ridge formed

A

Plates seperated by slab pull and ridge push
Magma rises from decompression
Magma solidifies into pillow lava
Causes creation of mid ocean ridge

111
Q

Why do people not move from techtonically active regions

A

stasis

112
Q

What can the Hawaiian islands and indonesian islands be called

A

Archipelago

113
Q

When was the merapi eruption

A

2010

114
Q

When was the etna eruption

A

2016

115
Q

Buildings in haiti

A

Built out of breezeblocks to protect agianst hurricaines

116
Q

What is the risk equation

A

risk= vulnerability/capicity to cope

117
Q

How often does the earth polarity change

A

every 500,000 years

118
Q

Extra paleomagnetism facts / sea floor spread

A

new rocks either side of mid ocean ridge
creates ridge push
alignment of iron particles in rocks settle as rock solidifies

Physics (26 decks)

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