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Physical geog revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Average annual temperature in the tundra

A

-11.2

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2
Q

Impacts of low annual temperature

A

Long term
Large scale
Low photosynthesis
Low biomass store
High littering
Low decomposition
High soil stores

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3
Q

Temp range in the tundra

A

15 to - 36

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4
Q

Impacts of range of temp in the tundra

A

Short term changes
Large scale
Low photosynthesis
Low biomass store
High littering
Low decomposition
High soil stores

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5
Q

Geology of the tundra

A

90% shale and siltstone
10% sandstone
Stores of oil underground

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6
Q

Impacts of geology in the tundra

A

Moderate store of carbon in the shale, siltstone and oil
Long term

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7
Q

Vegetation in the tundra

A

No trees able to grow
Seasonal growth of shrubs, grasses and mosses

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8
Q

Impacts of vegetation in the tundra

A

Short term annual changes
Photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration and high biomass store in the summer
Not in winter

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9
Q

Explain features of the soil in the tundra

A

Most is frozen all year round
(has been constantly frozen for 500 000 years)

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10
Q

Impacts of soil in the tundra

A

Huge store of organic carbon
Long term
Decomposition releases CO2 and CH4

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11
Q

Impacts on global carbon cycle

A

Combustion (of fossil fuels)
Deforestation
Draining wetlands

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12
Q

Combustion stat

A

100 billion tonnes of CO2 released each year

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13
Q

Deforestation stat

A

10 million hectares per year

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14
Q

Draining wetlands stat

A

85% of wetlands from 1700 have been lost

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15
Q

How does nile delta change over time (interlinking landforms)

A

LSD (due to arcuate shape+NW waves) form spits (burullus) and bars (manzala) Which can from lagoons (manzala+burullus) and salt marshes

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16
Q

How does nile delta change over time (beach profile)

A

Waves push sediment up the beach
Creates steeper beach and coastal advance
However summer storms can breach the spit as waves can go above 2m

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17
Q

How could the coastal landscape change in a warmer climate

A

Thermal expansion and maelting of land ice and snow
Eustatic rise
Waves reach cliffs (WCP, WCN)
Arches could become taller

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18
Q

How has human activity affected sandbanks spit

A

Hold the line led to castal advance
Beach nourishment from offshore deposits
Steeper higher beaches

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19
Q

How many rock groynes were constructed at sanbanks spit

A

12

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20
Q

How much sediment has been added to sandbanks spit

A

3.5 million meters cubed

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21
Q

Major physical factors affecting saltburn to flamborough head

A

Limestone and sandstone - 0.1m erosion each year
Clay and shales - 0.8m per year
Fetch 1500km
Waves from NNE

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22
Q

Major landforms at saltburn to flamborough head

A

Filey brigg
Filey bay
Flamborough head
Selwicks bay
Robin hoods bay

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23
Q

Interrationship between landforms at high energy coastline

A

WCP dissipates energy leading to less abrasion and undercutting

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24
Q

Major physical factors at the nile delta

A

Small fetch 750km from NW over a calm sea
Avr 0.94m waves, summer storms - 4m
91.3million tonnes of sediment from nile river
Arcuate shape encourages LSD

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25
Q

landforms created at the nile delta

A

Arcuate shape causes waves to arrive perpendicular at Abu Qir Bay causing rip currents to offshore bars

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26
Q

Consequences of human acivity at Pakiri bay

A

0.4m retreat each year
Spit breached in 1978
Beach profile

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27
Q

What is the significance of the maximum temp in the tundra on the carbon cycle

A

Trees are unable to grow
Slows the rate of the cycles

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28
Q

How long is carbon stored as partly decomposed plant remains in the tundra

A

500,000 years

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29
Q

How do lorries on ice roads directly affect the water cycle in the tundra

A

Creation of ice roads by building on snow cover disrupts natural drainage and prevents infiltration

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30
Q

What is the tidal range at saltburn to flamborough head

A

4-6m

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31
Q

How long has fluvial deposition been exceeding marine erosion at the nile delta (before dam)

A

3000 years

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32
Q

What is the name of the last glacial period

A

Devensian period

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33
Q

How much colder was the last glacial period

A

5 degrees C

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34
Q

How were global sea levels different during the devensian period

A

100-150m lower

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35
Q

What are the terms for retreating sea levels exposing land and rising sea levels covering land

A

Marine regression and marine transgression

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36
Q

What is the impact of 1 degrees C on sea level

A

2m rise

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37
Q

On avr how much are sea levels changing each year

A

3.3mm per yr

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38
Q

How could greenlands ice sheets affect global sea levels

A

6m rise

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39
Q

What was the UK govs target for wetland restoration

A

500 hectares of former wetlands by 2020

40
Q

Which gas is produced by intensive livestock farming

A

Methene

41
Q

How much of the amazon madeira basin in brazil is protected

A

44% (ARPA)

42
Q

state 2 aims of drainage basin planning

A

reduce outputs of water from basin
increase stores of water available within the basin

43
Q

What are geomorphic processes

A

Processess of weathering or mass movement

44
Q

What are the differetn types of weathering processes

A

Weathering can be physics, mechanical, chemical or biological

45
Q

Define lithology

A

Physical and chemical composition of rocks

46
Q

Structure of Saltburn to flamborough head

A

Discordant

47
Q

name for river sediment

A

Fluvial sediment

48
Q

where do waves break on a coast

A

Foreshore

49
Q

What chemical is in acid rain

A

Sulpher dioxide

50
Q

what are geos and how are they formed

A

Steep sided narrow inlet
Tunnel like caves perpendicular to the cliff where the roof collapses

51
Q

How are blowholes formed

A

part of the roof of a cave tunnel collapses

52
Q

How do fjords change over time

A

Wave processes erode sides causing them to be less steep

53
Q

How are shingle beaches formed

A

Sea level falls as volume of land based ice increases
Sediment accumulats on new exposed surface
As sea level rose again, the sediment was pushed onshore

54
Q

flora definition

A

plant life

55
Q

fauna definition

A

animal life

56
Q

Name of the frozen water on earth

A

Cryosphere

57
Q

Term for melting of ice and snow by melting or evaporation

A

Ablation

58
Q

what is saturated overland flow

A

overland flow cos the soil cannot absorb anymore moisture

59
Q

difference between throughflow and groundwater flow

A

throughflow is soil
groundwater flow in rocks

60
Q

outline physical carbon sequestration in the oceans

A

Enters oceans from atmosphere via diffusion
Downwelling occurs near poles where carbon can stay for centuries
Upwelling occurs and carbon is diffused back into atmosphere

61
Q

outline biological sequestration in oceans

A

Phytoplankton absorb carbon by photosynthesis which is carried through the food chain and either accumulates as sediment on the sea floor or is released in decomposition.

62
Q

How much carbon is removed from atmos by biological sequestration per year

A

50GT

63
Q

What is the term for evapourated water cooling as pressure decreases

A

adiabatic expansion

64
Q

Amazon rainforest avr temps

A

25-30 degrees C

65
Q

Amazon avr annual rainfall

A

2000mm

66
Q

how much precip is recycled amazon

A

50-60%

67
Q

how much of amazon has been lost

A

1 fith since 1970

68
Q

How much of the aral sea has been drained for irrigation of cotton

A

90% since 1960s

69
Q

1 example of a ria

A

Kingsbridge

70
Q

Direction of waves sultburn to flamborough head

A

NNE

71
Q

Direction of waves Nile delta

A

NW

72
Q

Geology definition

A

Lithology and structure of the land

73
Q

What sediment cell is saltburn-flamborough head part of

A

St abbs head - Flamborough head

74
Q

Define sediment cell

A

A stretch of coastline in which the movement of sediment is limited due to large physical features acting as obstructions.
(think about inputs stores and outputs)

75
Q

relief of madeira river basin

A

Gently sloping

76
Q

Diurnal changes in madeira river basin

A

Small changes 9 degrees C

77
Q

Where is madeira river basin in the amazon

A

SW

78
Q

Geology of amazon

A

Impermeable (clay, silts, igneous

79
Q

What % of deforestation is for cattle ranching

A

63%

80
Q

How much oil is extracted from north slope daily

A

450,000 barrels

81
Q

How much reforestation is happening amazon

A

9 million trees at Trombetas

82
Q

term for beaches sinking

A

subsidence

83
Q

Living creatures (e.g. molluscs) or decaying matter

A

chelation

84
Q

Dissolved CO₂ makes rainwater slightly acidic. Reaction with
carbonate rocks dissolves them.

A

carbonation

85
Q

Rocks above are eroded. As weight from above is removed the
underlying rock expands and fractures (parallel to surface)

A

Pressure release

86
Q

Chemical reaction between rock minerals and water that weaken the rock.

A

hydrolosis

87
Q

Tree roots or burrowing animals push into cracks in rock,
causing rock to split.

A

Rooting

88
Q

How much CO2 is absorbed by amazon each year

A

2.4 billion tonnes

89
Q

How long is carbon stored in trees in rainforest

A

5 years

90
Q

degrees of latitude of the arctic tundra

A

60-75

91
Q

how much water is extracted per year for agriculture in the UK

A

300 million meters cubes

92
Q

How much carbon is stored in global permafrost

A

1600GT

93
Q

Outline the 2015 Paris agreement

A

Reduce carbon emissions by 60% of 2010 levels by 2050

93
Q

How much water to produce 1 cotton shirt

A

2700 Litres

94
Q

How else has the ARPA helped reduce deforestation

A

Economic insentives

Physics (26 decks)

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