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Physics > Human Geography Disease dilemas > Flashcards

Human Geography Disease dilemas Flashcards

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1
Q

Define The Neighbourhood effect

A

Number of people living in each 5x5 grid and their distance apart

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2
Q

Physical barriers to diffusion

A

Climate
Distance decay
Sea, mountains

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3
Q

Socio-economic barriers to diffusion

A

Political borders
Disease management
Cultural factors

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4
Q

describe stages of diffusion

A

primary, expansion, condensation, saturation

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5
Q

Define expansion

A

Has a source, spreads to new areas

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6
Q

Define relocation

A

disease leaves an area to a new one

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7
Q

Define contagious

A

Spreads through direct contact

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8
Q

Define hierarchical

A

spreads through a sequence of classes

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9
Q

When and where was hiv discovered

A

1983 central africa

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10
Q

how many people died from hiv in 2021

A

600,000

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11
Q

how does hiv spread

A

unsterile injections
lack of contraception
lack of knowledge
migrants in sex trade

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12
Q

what classification is malaria

A

infections, non-contagious, spread by disease vectors

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13
Q

How many cases of malaria in 2020 compared to 2019

A

2019 - 227m
2020 - 241m

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14
Q

How many people died from malaria in 2020

A

630,000

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15
Q

What is the distribution of malaria

A

Equatorial countries

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16
Q

How does precipitation effect distribution of malaria

A

allows habitat for mosquitos who lay eggs in stagnant water

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17
Q

How does climate effect distribution of malaria

A

mosquitoes are most active between 18-40 degrees C

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18
Q

What classification is TB

A

infectious, contagious, bacterial

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19
Q

How many people died from TB in 2021

A

1.6m
13th highest cause of death

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20
Q

What is the distribution of TB

A

EDC countries - less vaccine availability

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21
Q

What classification is diabetes

A

Non infectious, Caused by lifestyle

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22
Q

how many poeple have diabetes 2019

A

420m

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23
Q

distribution of diabetes

A

AC countries - higher access to fast food, more money to spend on luxuries

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24
Q

what are infectious diseases (and its 4 groups)

A

Spread by pathogens eiither bacterial, viral or micro-organism
Contagious
Non-contagious
Communicable
Zoonotic

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25
Q

Define Contagious (and its 2 groups)

A

Spread easily between direct or indirect contact
Viral (ebola, yellow fever)
Bacterial (plague, typhoid)

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26
Q

Define Non-Contagious

A

Pathogens spread by disease vectors (malaria)

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27
Q

Define communicable

A

Infectious disease spread easily from host to host but does not require quarentine (HIV?AIDS)

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28
Q

Define zoonotic

A

Transmitted from animals to humans (plague, rabies)

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29
Q

what are non-infectious diseases (and its 4 groups)

A

Not spread from host to host. Caused by external factors
Lifestyle
environmental
nutritional
genetic

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30
Q

Define environmental causes of disease

A

Caused by exposure to toxinsin air, land, food, water or sun (asthma, cancer)

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31
Q

Define genetic causes of disease

A

Caused by inheritance (cancer, CVD, Alzehimers)

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32
Q

Define Nutritional causes of disease

A

Caused by deficiencies in macro or micro nutrients (scurvy, rickets)

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33
Q

Define endemic

A

usual previlence of a disease or infectious agent in a population or geographical area

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34
Q

Define epidemic

A

An outbreak of a disease that infects many people at the same time and spreads through a population in a restricted geographical area

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35
Q

Define Pandemic

A

An epidemic that has spread worldwide effecting a large number of people

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36
Q

How does a cold climate effect disease

A

More respititory diseases
Transmission of flu most efficient at 5 degrees and low humidity
Weaker immune system and vitamin D

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37
Q

give an example of a cold climate disease

A

influenza

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38
Q

give an example of a disease vector that relies on stagnant water

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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39
Q

does rainfall effect disease

A

more vector bourne diseases in tropics during monsoon season

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40
Q

Define epidemiology

A

study of incidence, distribution, causes, effects and possibly controls of health and disease conditions

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41
Q

What does stage 1 of the epidemiologic transition include

A

Pestilance and famine
LE:35
deaths from CVD <10%
Decreased population growth

42
Q

What does stage 2 of the epidemiologic transition include

A

Receding pandemics
LE:50
deaths from CVD 10-35%
sustained population growth

43
Q

What does stage 3 of the epidemiologic transition include

A

Degenerative + man made diseases
LE:60
deaths from CVD 30-65%

44
Q

What does stage 4 of the epidemiologic transition include

A

Deleayed degenerative diseases
LE:70+
deaths from CVD 40-50%

45
Q

Define chronic disease

A

disease that lasts for 1 year or more

46
Q

What is hypertension

A

high blood pressure

47
Q

What classification is cholera

A

Becterial, Infectious

48
Q

Symptoms of cholera

A

Appear within 2-3 days
Diarrhea, vomiting
Dehydration, shock
Fatal within hours

49
Q

How does cholera spread

A

Contaminated food or water with vomit or feces from infected person

50
Q

How many people are infected with cholera each year

A

1.3 - 4m

51
Q

how many people die from cholera each year

A

20,000 - 150,000

52
Q

Haiti GDP

A

1800

53
Q

Haiti HDI

A

0.493

54
Q

How many people in haiti live below the poverty line

A

58%

55
Q

How many poeple have access to clean water and sanitation in Haiti

A

27% makes hydration difficult

56
Q

Population density of haiti

A

30,000 /km^2

57
Q

What magnitude earthquake hit haiti

A

7

58
Q

how far was the earthquake from port-au-prince

A

10km

59
Q

Primary impacts of EQ (deaths, injuries, homes destroyed)

A

250,000 deaths
300,000 injured
200,000 homes destroyed

60
Q

Secondary impacts of EQ
(homeless, deaths, cholera contractions)

A

2.3m homeless
9000 deaths from cholera
700,000 contractions by 2015

61
Q

Human responses to cholera in haiti

A

750,000 people immunised
300 latrines serving 250,000 people
Education

62
Q

Economic impacts of haiti EQ and cholera

A

less money to contain future outbreaks
dept
damage to buisness / trade
less economic migration

63
Q

Environmental impacts of EQ

A

Led to all other impacts

64
Q

Define globesity

A

Growing global obesity

65
Q

What BMI level defines overweight, obese, morbidly obese

A

Overweight = 25kgm^2
Obese = 30kgm^2
Morbidly obese = 40kgm^2

66
Q

Define Patent drug

A

Exclusive right to produce the drugs for a maximum of 20 years

67
Q

Define Essential drug

A

a list produced by the WHO of generic drugs that provide treatment to improve access to effective healthcare for the worlds population but are not implemented in the US or any EU country

68
Q

Define Generic drug

A

drugs produced by a veriety of companies and refers to its chemical description

69
Q

Define Branded drug

A

is the brand name that it is known by and has little reference to its chemical name

70
Q

GSK stats 2017

A

30 billion revenue
100,000 global employees

71
Q

GSK vaccination stat

A

Distribute 2 million vaccines per day to people in over 160 countries

72
Q

GSK Research and development stat

A

1 billion per year in uk

73
Q

What 3 diseases do GSK prioritise

A

HIV, malaria, TB

74
Q

Evaluate top down strategies

A

Controlled by govs and agencies
Can be met with resistance and be less effective at a local scale
Dependance on gov services, puts strain on poorer govs

75
Q

GSK ethical policy

A

Re investing 20% of profits into local healthcare
Capping price of patented drugs to 25% of UK price in developing countries

76
Q

How is Ginea worm contracted

A

Person drinks water contaminated with infected fleas
Fleas mate
Worms grow up to 1m
About a year later worm emerges and victim cools the limb in water
This causes worm to release cloud of larvae which stay in water fleas

77
Q

How many ginea worm cases since 1989

A

200,000

78
Q

Grassroots approach in Ghana eradicating ginea worm

A

Working w women as they often gather the water
Racognise value of filtering + avoiding contamination

79
Q

Deaths per year before vaccination polio

A

600,000

80
Q

when was polio vaccine developed

A

1952

81
Q

How did polio become eradicated

A

Jonas silk decided not to patent the vaccination

82
Q

When was polio eradicated in the americas

A

1988

83
Q

What is morphine

A

Pain reliever

84
Q

Where is Rosy periwinkle native to

A

Madigascar
Tropical and subtropical regions with no frost

85
Q

What is rosy periwinkle used to treat

A

wasp stings in India
Diabetes in China

86
Q

How is rosy periwinkle used to treat cancer

A

Due to alkaloids
used in chemotherapy. helped increase survuval of childhood cancers from 10% in 1970 to 90% today.

87
Q

How is rosy periwinkle affected by biopiracy

A

Hundreds of millions of dollars worth produced in madigascar and india
Most profits go to US pharmaceutical giants
Deprives madigasccar of valuable

88
Q

How can biopiracy be combated

A

Fairtrade, investments into countries of production
Laws to pay compensatory benefits

89
Q

Issues facing medicinal plants

A

Unsustainable
5 billion people rely on them
Scientists unable to commercialise cultivation

90
Q

How does deforestation affect medicianal plants

A

4000 plants threatened by deforestation
No more than 15% of rainforest plants have been screened for medicinal use
Reduces biodiversity

91
Q

Evidence of succes of cancer reduction in the UK

A

50% survive for 10 years or more
more than 25% in 1970s

92
Q

Evidence of success in reducing lung cancer UK

A

4 in 10 diagnosed in stage 1

93
Q

India pollution

A

14 of worlds 20th most polluted cities

94
Q

How is india battling lung cancer / pollution

A

Encourage LPG as 30% if houses burn wood for cooking
affects women and children more
wood is free but LPG costs

95
Q

How have insectacide treated nets helped combat malaria in ethiopia

A

3.5m ditributed in 2015
16m in total

96
Q

How has indoor resisdual spraying helped combat malaria in Ethiopia

A

700,000 houses spreayed in 44 districts

97
Q

Example of mitigation strategy in Malaria

A

‘Zero malaria starts with me’ education programme

98
Q

When was WHO established

A

1948

99
Q

What is WHO

A

Transnational organisation conbating disease in over 150 countries

100
Q

Red cresent work in Haiti

A

Global hand washing day
Difficult to find long term funding
spent 25m in total

101
Q

US deaths from covid

A

1.1m

102
Q

China deaths from covid

A

111,000

Physics (26 decks)

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