Human Geography Disease dilemas Flashcards
Define The Neighbourhood effect
Number of people living in each 5x5 grid and their distance apart
Physical barriers to diffusion
Climate
Distance decay
Sea, mountains
Socio-economic barriers to diffusion
Political borders
Disease management
Cultural factors
describe stages of diffusion
primary, expansion, condensation, saturation
Define expansion
Has a source, spreads to new areas
Define relocation
disease leaves an area to a new one
Define contagious
Spreads through direct contact
Define hierarchical
spreads through a sequence of classes
When and where was hiv discovered
1983 central africa
how many people died from hiv in 2021
600,000
how does hiv spread
unsterile injections
lack of contraception
lack of knowledge
migrants in sex trade
what classification is malaria
infections, non-contagious, spread by disease vectors
How many cases of malaria in 2020 compared to 2019
2019 - 227m
2020 - 241m
How many people died from malaria in 2020
630,000
What is the distribution of malaria
Equatorial countries
How does precipitation effect distribution of malaria
allows habitat for mosquitos who lay eggs in stagnant water
How does climate effect distribution of malaria
mosquitoes are most active between 18-40 degrees C
What classification is TB
infectious, contagious, bacterial
How many people died from TB in 2021
1.6m
13th highest cause of death
What is the distribution of TB
EDC countries - less vaccine availability
What classification is diabetes
Non infectious, Caused by lifestyle
how many poeple have diabetes 2019
420m
distribution of diabetes
AC countries - higher access to fast food, more money to spend on luxuries
what are infectious diseases (and its 4 groups)
Spread by pathogens eiither bacterial, viral or micro-organism
Contagious
Non-contagious
Communicable
Zoonotic
Define Contagious (and its 2 groups)
Spread easily between direct or indirect contact
Viral (ebola, yellow fever)
Bacterial (plague, typhoid)
Define Non-Contagious
Pathogens spread by disease vectors (malaria)
Define communicable
Infectious disease spread easily from host to host but does not require quarentine (HIV?AIDS)
Define zoonotic
Transmitted from animals to humans (plague, rabies)
what are non-infectious diseases (and its 4 groups)
Not spread from host to host. Caused by external factors
Lifestyle
environmental
nutritional
genetic
Define environmental causes of disease
Caused by exposure to toxinsin air, land, food, water or sun (asthma, cancer)
Define genetic causes of disease
Caused by inheritance (cancer, CVD, Alzehimers)
Define Nutritional causes of disease
Caused by deficiencies in macro or micro nutrients (scurvy, rickets)
Define endemic
usual previlence of a disease or infectious agent in a population or geographical area
Define epidemic
An outbreak of a disease that infects many people at the same time and spreads through a population in a restricted geographical area
Define Pandemic
An epidemic that has spread worldwide effecting a large number of people
How does a cold climate effect disease
More respititory diseases
Transmission of flu most efficient at 5 degrees and low humidity
Weaker immune system and vitamin D
give an example of a cold climate disease
influenza
give an example of a disease vector that relies on stagnant water
Female anopheles mosquito
does rainfall effect disease
more vector bourne diseases in tropics during monsoon season
Define epidemiology
study of incidence, distribution, causes, effects and possibly controls of health and disease conditions
What does stage 1 of the epidemiologic transition include
Pestilance and famine
LE:35
deaths from CVD <10%
Decreased population growth
What does stage 2 of the epidemiologic transition include
Receding pandemics
LE:50
deaths from CVD 10-35%
sustained population growth
What does stage 3 of the epidemiologic transition include
Degenerative + man made diseases
LE:60
deaths from CVD 30-65%
What does stage 4 of the epidemiologic transition include
Deleayed degenerative diseases
LE:70+
deaths from CVD 40-50%
Define chronic disease
disease that lasts for 1 year or more
What is hypertension
high blood pressure
What classification is cholera
Becterial, Infectious
Symptoms of cholera
Appear within 2-3 days
Diarrhea, vomiting
Dehydration, shock
Fatal within hours
How does cholera spread
Contaminated food or water with vomit or feces from infected person
How many people are infected with cholera each year
1.3 - 4m
how many people die from cholera each year
20,000 - 150,000
Haiti GDP
1800
Haiti HDI
0.493
How many people in haiti live below the poverty line
58%
How many poeple have access to clean water and sanitation in Haiti
27% makes hydration difficult
Population density of haiti
30,000 /km^2
What magnitude earthquake hit haiti
7
how far was the earthquake from port-au-prince
10km
Primary impacts of EQ (deaths, injuries, homes destroyed)
250,000 deaths
300,000 injured
200,000 homes destroyed
Secondary impacts of EQ
(homeless, deaths, cholera contractions)
2.3m homeless
9000 deaths from cholera
700,000 contractions by 2015
Human responses to cholera in haiti
750,000 people immunised
300 latrines serving 250,000 people
Education
Economic impacts of haiti EQ and cholera
less money to contain future outbreaks
dept
damage to buisness / trade
less economic migration
Environmental impacts of EQ
Led to all other impacts
Define globesity
Growing global obesity
What BMI level defines overweight, obese, morbidly obese
Overweight = 25kgm^2
Obese = 30kgm^2
Morbidly obese = 40kgm^2
Define Patent drug
Exclusive right to produce the drugs for a maximum of 20 years
Define Essential drug
a list produced by the WHO of generic drugs that provide treatment to improve access to effective healthcare for the worlds population but are not implemented in the US or any EU country
Define Generic drug
drugs produced by a veriety of companies and refers to its chemical description
Define Branded drug
is the brand name that it is known by and has little reference to its chemical name
GSK stats 2017
30 billion revenue
100,000 global employees
GSK vaccination stat
Distribute 2 million vaccines per day to people in over 160 countries
GSK Research and development stat
1 billion per year in uk
What 3 diseases do GSK prioritise
HIV, malaria, TB
Evaluate top down strategies
Controlled by govs and agencies
Can be met with resistance and be less effective at a local scale
Dependance on gov services, puts strain on poorer govs
GSK ethical policy
Re investing 20% of profits into local healthcare
Capping price of patented drugs to 25% of UK price in developing countries
How is Ginea worm contracted
Person drinks water contaminated with infected fleas
Fleas mate
Worms grow up to 1m
About a year later worm emerges and victim cools the limb in water
This causes worm to release cloud of larvae which stay in water fleas
How many ginea worm cases since 1989
200,000
Grassroots approach in Ghana eradicating ginea worm
Working w women as they often gather the water
Racognise value of filtering + avoiding contamination
Deaths per year before vaccination polio
600,000
when was polio vaccine developed
1952
How did polio become eradicated
Jonas silk decided not to patent the vaccination
When was polio eradicated in the americas
1988
What is morphine
Pain reliever
Where is Rosy periwinkle native to
Madigascar
Tropical and subtropical regions with no frost
What is rosy periwinkle used to treat
wasp stings in India
Diabetes in China
How is rosy periwinkle used to treat cancer
Due to alkaloids
used in chemotherapy. helped increase survuval of childhood cancers from 10% in 1970 to 90% today.
How is rosy periwinkle affected by biopiracy
Hundreds of millions of dollars worth produced in madigascar and india
Most profits go to US pharmaceutical giants
Deprives madigasccar of valuable
How can biopiracy be combated
Fairtrade, investments into countries of production
Laws to pay compensatory benefits
Issues facing medicinal plants
Unsustainable
5 billion people rely on them
Scientists unable to commercialise cultivation
How does deforestation affect medicianal plants
4000 plants threatened by deforestation
No more than 15% of rainforest plants have been screened for medicinal use
Reduces biodiversity
Evidence of succes of cancer reduction in the UK
50% survive for 10 years or more
more than 25% in 1970s
Evidence of success in reducing lung cancer UK
4 in 10 diagnosed in stage 1
India pollution
14 of worlds 20th most polluted cities
How is india battling lung cancer / pollution
Encourage LPG as 30% if houses burn wood for cooking
affects women and children more
wood is free but LPG costs
How have insectacide treated nets helped combat malaria in ethiopia
3.5m ditributed in 2015
16m in total
How has indoor resisdual spraying helped combat malaria in Ethiopia
700,000 houses spreayed in 44 districts
Example of mitigation strategy in Malaria
‘Zero malaria starts with me’ education programme
When was WHO established
1948
What is WHO
Transnational organisation conbating disease in over 150 countries
Red cresent work in Haiti
Global hand washing day
Difficult to find long term funding
spent 25m in total
US deaths from covid
1.1m
China deaths from covid
111,000
