Physical Development

Question 1

Define the term cephalocaudal principle

Answer 1

Refers to the concept that development occurs from the head downward

Question 2

Define the term “proximodistal”

Answer 2

Refers to the concept that development proceeds from the center of the body outward, i.e. the spinal cord develops before the outer parts of the body

Question 3

What is REM sleep?

Answer 3

Active/light sleep

Question 4

How do circadian rhythyms of newborns differ from adults

Answer 4

The circadian pattern in newborns is often “out of sync with that of adults, so they have different sleep patterns that correspond with different times of the 24 hour period

Question 5

What is SIDS?

Answer 5

Sudden infant death syndrome

Question 6

What are some risk factors of SIDS?

Answer 6

position of sleeping
Soft bedding
Maternal smoking
excessive heat

Question 7

Define Dynamic systems theory

Answer 7

Development is determined by interaction between internal processes and contextual influences

Question 8

congenitally organized behaviours

Answer 8

early behaviors of newborns that do not require specific external stimulation and that show more adaptability than simple reflexes

Question 9

Define gross motor development

Answer 9

whole body general movements

Question 10

Fine motor development

Answer 10

fine movements with hands

Question 11

How does the mylenation of the neurons change with age?

Answer 11

They grow thicker

Question 12

What is the last area to mature in the brain

Answer 12

Frontal lobe

Question 13

describe plasticity

Answer 13

capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

Question 14

What is a major change in brain development in teenagers?

Answer 14

Second wave of overproduction and pruning of synapes

Question 15

Where are executive functions made?

Answer 15

Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 16

Define catch up growth

Answer 16

Quick growth after a disease that has inhibited growth

Question 17

How much of sleep is REM sleep in babies, compared to adults?

Answer 17

50%; 20%

Question 18

What is SIDS

Answer 18

Sudden unexpected and unexplained death of an infant less than 1 year (sudden infant death syndrome)

Question 19

What are congenitally organized behaviours?

Answer 19

Early behaviours of babies that do not require external stimulation and show more adaptability than reflexes

Question 20

What is an example of a congenitally organized behaviour?

Answer 20

Sucking

Question 21

What do congenitally organized behaviours accomplish in the babuy

Answer 21

Means of:

• getting nourishment
• control and explore their environment

Question 22

Define postural development

Answer 22

The increasing ability of the baby to control parts of its body, esp. the head and trunk

Question 23

Define prehension

Answer 23

The ability to grasp and manipulate

Question 24

Define proximodistal development

Answer 24

Tendency of body parts to develop in the trunk-to-extremities direction

Question 25

Define cephalocaudal

Answer 25

Development in the head to tail direction

Question 26

Define the dynamic systems approach to development of motor skills

Answer 26

Where motivation exists to perform a new task, new motor behaviours are created from their available physical abilities. via experience, systems come together to produce the most efficient response

Question 27

What three processes are combined to perform perceptual development

Answer 27

Sensation, Perception, and Attention

Question 28

How does myelination change with age

Answer 28

The myelin sheath increases in thickness with age

Question 29

When are most neurons produced?

Answer 29

Before and at birth

Question 30

What occurs in teens in regards to synapses

Answer 30

There is an overproduction and pruning of synapses

Question 31

What are the first and last areas of the brain to develop?

Answer 31

Motor lobe; frontal lobe

Question 32

Define plasticity

Answer 32

The brains ability to change structure and function in light of new experiences

Question 33

What is the responsibility of the frontal lobe?

Answer 33

Executive function (impulse control, setting priorities, regulating attention)

Question 34

What is the last executive function to develop in teens?

Answer 34

Good judgment

Question 35

How the does the body proportion change with regards to the head?

Answer 35

50% of body at fetal stage, only 10% at full maturity

Question 36

What are four factors that can affect growth and maturation discussed in the text?

Answer 36

Stress, heredity, and nutrition, and abuse/psychological trauma

Question 37

What is the catch-up principle?

Answer 37

Kids who suffer an illness, for example, that slows or stops development, will have rebound period after the period of illness to catch up with other kids their age.