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microbio > Physical & Chemical Control of Microbes > Flashcards

Physical & Chemical Control of Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

sterilization

A

a process that kills all life including viruses and endospores

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2
Q

disinfection

A

a process of killing or stopping growth of microbes on a NON-LIVING surface

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3
Q

Antisepsis

A

a process of killing or inhibiting growth of microbes on LIVING surfaces

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4
Q

Chemotherapy

A

a process of treating a disease with chemical drugs inside the host: oral, parenteral (not oral): IV, intramuscular, topical

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5
Q

prophylaxis

A

a process of treating a patient in order to prevent disease (not vaccine bc vaccines stimulate immune system instead of being a barrier)

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6
Q

bactericidal

A

a substance that kills bacteria

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7
Q

bacteriostatic

A

a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria

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8
Q

antibiotic

A

a natural substance produced by one organism in tiny quantities to stop or kill another

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9
Q

aseptic

A

microbe-free, prevention of entry of pathogens into wounds, lesions, or any surface of a living organism

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10
Q

pasteurized

A

heat-treated to reduced numbers of microbes and destroy pathogens

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11
Q

sanitary

A

safe and clean, pathogen-free non-living objects

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12
Q

vaccination

A

the process of inoculation with a selected microbial antigen in order to stimulate an immunity to that microbe

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13
Q

Effect of temperature on microbial control

A

cold and slow growing cells are harder to kill bc cold environments slows the metabolism rate and makes it harder for antiseptic to reach microbe

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14
Q

microbial death

A

permanent loss of reproductive capability, even under growth conditions

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15
Q

Mechanical Pressure

A
  • Scrubbing
  • Sonication
  • MOA: Physical removal of microbes
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16
Q

Pasteurization

methods of physical control

A
  • MOA: Denatruing of proteins, DNA and membrane destruction
  • <72°C for 15s
  • destroys all pathogens & most non-pathogens reducing numbers
  • NOT SPORICIDAL

moist heat

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17
Q

UHT Pasteurization

A
  • 140°C, <2s
  • destroys non-spore-forming pathogens
  • MOA: denaturing proteins

moist heat

18
Q

Boiling

A
  • MOA: Denaturing proteins
  • 100°C for 30min
  • destroys non-spore-forming pathogens

moist heat

19
Q

Intermittent Sterilization

A
  • MOA: Denaturing proteins
  • 100°C, 30-60min over 3 days
  • strategy to kill endospores
  • often used on dental tools

moist heat

20
Q

Autoclaving

A
  • 15psi, 121°C, 15-30 min
  • gases, steam, high pressure vessel
21
Q

Bunsen Burners Hospital Incineration

A
  • MOA: denaturing proteins
  • 600-1100°C
  • combustion to gray ash

dry heat

22
Q

dry ovens

A
  • MOA: denaturing proteins
  • 150-180°C

dry heat

23
Q

Cold temperatures

A
  • preserves food, media, cultures
  • MOA: stops/slows growth of microbes
  • Refrigeration: 0-15°C
  • Freezing: <0°C
24
Q

Dehydration

A
  • MOA: gradual removal of water from cells = metabolic inhibition
  • not effective microbial control because cells restart when water is reintroduced
25
Q

Microstasis

Osmotic Potential

A
  • salting: water is unavailable to cells
  • smoking: water is unavailable to cells and material may contain anti-microbials
26
Q

Lyophilization

Freeze-Drying

A
  • Cells are dried from frozen state. Preserves food and is used for long term storage of microbial cells
  • ATCC uses this to sell cultures
27
Q

Filtration

A
  • MOA: Physical removal of microbes by passing gas or liquid through a filter
  • used to sterilize heat-labile liquids and the air in hospital isolation units and industrial clean rooms
28
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A
  • MOA: UV light (260nm) creates Thymine Dimers, interfering with replication
  • little penetrating power
  • Sterilizes air, water, and solid surfaces
29
Q

Ionizing radiation

A
  • MOA: breaks DNA and other molecules
  • deep penetrating power
  • sterilizes medical supplies and food products
  • gamma rays, xrays, cathode rays
30
Q

Microwaves

A
  • radio waves absorbed by water, fats, and sugars
  • heat kills microbes not endospores
31
Q

Chlorine

Halogen

A
  • MOA: denatures protein (disrupts di-s bonds)
  • can be sporicidal
  • inactivated by organic matter
  • cysts are resistant
  • Ex: bleach, chloramines in water
32
Q

Iodine

Halogen

A
  • MOA: Denatures proteins
  • can be sporicidal
  • milder medical and dental degerming
  • disinfectants, ointments, iodophors
  • ex: Betadine
33
Q

Phenolics

A
  • MOA: Damage cell membranes and precipitate protein
  • NOT SPORICIDAL
  • Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal
  • active in organic matter, stable and persistent
  • Ex: Lysol, Triclosan (BANNED bc inc. abx R)
34
Q

Chlorhexidines

A
  • MOA: Denatures protein with broad microbiocidal properties
  • NOT SPORICIDAL
  • Halogen + Phenol combo compound
  • LOW TOXICITY
  • used as skin degerming agent for preoperative scrubs, skin cleaning, and burns
  • Ex: Hibiclens, Hibitane
35
Q

Alcohols

A
  • MOA: Dissolve membrane lipids and coagulating proteins of vegetative bacterial cells and fungi
  • NOT SPORICIDAL
  • Solns of 70-95%
  • Ex: Ethyl Alcohol, Isopropyl Alcohol
36
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide

Oxidizing Agent

A
  • MOA: Produces free radicals that damages protein and dna while decomposing to oxygen - toxic to obligate anaerobes
  • Strong solutions are sporicidal
37
Q

Soaps

A

MOA: Mechanically remove dirt soil, and grease that contains microbes

38
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QUATs)

A
  • MOA: Alters permeability (lipids and proteins) of some bacteria and fungi
  • NOT SPORICIDAL
  • Used as surfactant and smells nice
  • Ex: Benzalconium chloride, Artificial Tears, Bactine
39
Q

Heavy Metals

A
  • MOA: kills vegetative cells in low concentrations by inactivating protein
  • Oligodynamic acton: small amount gets job done
  • NOT SPORICIDAL
  • Preservatives
  • Ex: Silver Nitrate, Thimerosal, Mercury
40
Q

Aldehydes

A
  • MOA: cross-linking/alkynating (fibrous and flexible instead of concrete like) proteins and DNA
  • SPORICIDAL
  • Ex: Glutaraldehyde/Cidex (used as sterilant for heat-sensitive instruments), Formaldehyde (disinfectant/preservative but highly toxic!)
41
Q

Toxic Gases and Aerosols

A
  • MOA: Strong alkynating agents
  • 3-12 hours in gas chamber
  • SPORICIDAL
  • Very toxic -> eyes, skin, mucus membranes. Carcinogenic?
  • For equipment, bedding, disposables, sterilization
  • Ex: Ethyline oxide
42
Q

Chemical Food Preservatives, Organic Acids

A
  • MOA: Inhibits microbial growth
  • Used in foods
  • Ex: Sulfur Dioxide, Sodium Benzoate/Benzoic Acid, Sorbic Acid, Propionic Acid/ Calcium Propionate, Nitrates & Nitrites

microbio (17 decks)

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