MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Spontaneuos Generation contributors
A
Aristotle
Needham
2
Q
Biogenesis contributors
A
Redi
Spellanzani
Pasteur
3
Q
Cell Theory contributors
A
Hooke
Leeuwenhoek
Schwann & Schleiden
Virchow
4
Q
Germ Theory contributors
A
Semmelweiss
Pasteur
Koch
5
Q
Disease Prevention contributors
A
Lister
6
Q
Disease Control/Treatment contributors
A
Pasteur
Jenner
Ehrlich
Fleming
7
Q
Endospore Discovery contributors
A
Cohn
Tyndall
8
Q
Aristotle
A
introduced idea of spontaneous generation
9
Q
Needham
A
contributed to spontaneous generation. Boiled chicken broth in open container and let it cool. capped it and days later microbes grew inside.
10
Q
Redi
A
contributed to biogenesis. placed meat in three containers: one uncovered and two uncovered. The one left uncovered grew maggots while the other two did not
11
Q
Spallanzani
A
contributed to biogenesis. corrected needham’s experiment by boiling closed container. days later, nothing grew since contaminants from the air cold not get in
12
Q
Pasteur
A
contributed to biogenesis. Created new way of killing microbes in things by boiling in a swan-necked flask since microbes would have to work against gravity to get in and contaminate whatever
contributed to germ theory. proved that food spoiled due to bacterial growth
contributed to disease control/treatment: created rabies vaccine
13
Q
Hooke
A
contributed to cell theory. observed cork pieces under a microscope and discovered tiny organisms invisible to the naked eye
14
Q
Leewenhoek
A
contributed to cell theory. observed pieces of cloth and found tiny organisms which he called “animalcules”
15
Q
Semmelweiss
A
contribued to germ theory. noted the increase in deaths in maternity wards when MDs would go back and form from attending birth and doing autopsies without disinfecting
16
Q
Koch
A
contributed to germ theory: came up with method of smearing and staining slides and using agar to grow cultures
17
Q
Lister
A
contributed to disease prevention: came up with antiseptic methods to disinfect selves and tools
18
Q
Jenner
A
contributed to disease control/treatment: innoculated patient who had case of smallpox with cowpox virus so they can build up antibodies to help fight smallpox
19
Q
Ehrlich
A
contributed to disease control/treatment: synthetic arsenic to fight syphillis
20
Q
Fleming
A
contributed to disease control/treatment: foud that lysosomes in tears had chemotherapeutic properties. also created first penicilin
21
Q
Cohn
A
contributed to endospore discovery. discovered heat-resistant cells (aka endospores)
22
Q
Tyndall
A
contributed to discovery of endospores: discovered bacteria live in both heat-stable AND heat-sensitive forms
23
Q
Levels of classification
A
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
24
Q
presence of microbes on the surface of a host
A
contamination
25
invasion of the tissue by a pathogen
infection
26
causal agent of disease
etiology
27
change in state of health
disease
28
changes in body function that are measurable/observable to/by observer
signs
29
changes in body function not observable to/by observer
symptoms
30
serious disease effects seen in only a minority of patients
complications
31
permanent or semi-permanent changes to health seen well after the pathogen is gone from the body
sequelae
32
2 or more organisms living together
symbiosis
33
both organisms benefit (++)
mutualism
34
one organism benefits while the other is unaffected (+0)
commensalism
35
one organism benefits at the cost of the other (+-)
parasitism
36
organisms that may turn into a parasite given the opportunity
opportunists
37
organisms that stop other microbes from growin
microbial antagonist
38
benefits of resident microbiota
+stimulates immune system
+defense
+prevents overgrowth of opporunists
+required for normal intestinal, immunological, & CNS function
+production of essential micronutrients (B&K)
39
Adverse effects of resident microbiota
-potential for endogenous infection
-reservoirs and human carriers of pathogens
40
Microbiota and babies
Babies get lactobacilus spp. from vaginal tract prior to birth. babies get antibodies and lipids with fatty acids from breastfeeding which allows certain GI microbes to grow.
41
Koch's Postulates
1. Disease Cases
2. Isolation & ID of pathogen
3. Innoculation of animal
4. Disease
5. Re-Isolation & ID of same organism
42
disease that occurs randomly and unpredictably
sporadic disease
43
disease always present in a population at low levels
endemic
44
a disease suddenly has a higher than normal incidence in a population
epidemic
45
when an epidemic spreads worldwide
pandemic
46
Disease Cycle
1. Survival outside the host (reservoir)
2. Transmission to host
3. Portal of entry
4. Attachment to target tissue (disease start)
5. Colonization
6. Host Destruction
7. Portal of exit
47
infection caused by patient's own pathogens, or opportunists among the microbiota
endogenous
48
infection caused by organisms that enter the patient from the environment
exogenous
49
diseases transmitted naturally (directly or indirectly) from infected animal to humans
zoonoses
50
infection sources
soil, water, food
51
diseases acquired during a hospital or health facility stay
nosocomial infection (HAI)
52
top nosocomial infections
1. UTI
2. Surgical wounds
3. Respiratory tract
53
Top microbiota causing nosocomial infections
1. Escherichia coli
2. Staphylococcus aureus
3. Streptococcus
54
diseases that may be picked up from the environment but CANNOT then be passed on to another living host
non-communicable disease
55
diseases capable of being spread from one LIVING host to another LIVING host either through direct contact or else indirectly
communicable disease
56
transmission requiring body contact between individuals
direct contact transmission
57
transmission occuring when a person coughs or sneezes dried mucous (droplets travel less than 1m)
direct droplet transmission
58
transmission requiring fomite (objects that can transmit disease from one living host to another)
indirect transmission
59
non-living carrier of a microbe from its reservoir to a host (indirect host-to-host transmission >1m)
vehicle transmission
60
living organisms that transmit diseases from one host to another
vector transmission
61
separation of "healthy" person who has been exposed to a communicable disease
quarantine
62
portals of entry
skin
respiratory & digestive tracts
genital-urinary tract
mucous membrane
placenta
63
the ability to cause disease in a host
pathogenicity
64
the degree of pathogenicity severity
virulence
65
the number of cells required to cause 50% of healthy hosts to become infected
infectious dose (ID 50)
66
the cell number or the potency of a toxin and the concentration that will kill 50% of inoculated healthy animals
lethal dose (LD 50)
67
pathogenesis (factors affecting disease procesS)
1. number of microbes
2. attachment
3. avoidance of phagocytes
4. evasion of immune system
5. production of extracellular enzymes
6. production of exotoxins
7. production of endotoxins
68
coagulase
clots blood plasma
69
keratinase
enables invasion of hair
70
hyaluronidase
digests host connective tissue
71
streptokinase
digest blood clots
72
collagenase
breaks peptide bonds in collagen
73
mucinase
destroys mucous?
74
hemolysins
lyse red blood cells and damages host tissues
75
erythrogenic toxins
cause red rash and fever
76
leukocidins
lyse host neutrophils and macrophages
77
lipases
digest host lipids for skin colonization
78
streptodornase
digests DNA
79
Disease stages
1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal stage
3. Period of invasion
4. Illness decline
5. Convalescent period
80
The number of new cases
incidence
81
the total number of infected people at any given time
prevalence
82
the number of disease cases (sick individuals) within a specific time period with respect to the entire population
morbidity
83
the number of disease deaths during a specific time period with respect to the total population
mortality rate
84
Prokaryotic Cells
*smaller than eukaryotes
*one circular chromosome, not in a membrane
*no histones
*70s ribosomes
*no organelles
*peptidoglycan cell walls
*replication via binary fission
85
eukaryotic cells
*bigger than prokaryotic cells
*paired chromosomes, in nuclear membranes
*histones
*80s ribosomes
*organelles
*polysaccharide cell walls
*replication via mitosis spindle
86
coccus
circular shaped bacteria
87
bacillus
rod shaped bacteria
88
vibrio
curved shaped bacteria
89
spirillum
spiral shaped bacteria
90
spirochete
coil shaped bacteria
91
diplo
paired cell arrangement
92
staphylo
clustered cell arrangement
93
strepto
chains cell arrangement
94
glycocalyx
*coating of sugar and protein
*slime layer is loose so it's easier to escape host's defenses
*capsule is better attached and organized to better protect self
*functions: attachment, protection, receptor
95
quorum sensing
communication and cooperation between microbes [for colonzing host]
96
Flagellum
*Filament: long, thin, helical structure composed of protein Flagelin
*Hook: curved sheath
Basal body: stack of rings firmly attached in cell wall
*Function: MOTILITY
***USEFUL FOR IDENTIFYING GRAM -VE SEROVARS***
97
monotrichous
microbe with single flagellum at one end
98
lophotrichous
microbe with small bunches of flagella arising from one end of cell
99
amphitrichous
microbe with flagella at both ends of the cell
100
peritrichous
microbe with flagella all over, also slowest type
101
Axial Filaments
*found between cell wall and outer sheath
*anchored at one end
*rotation = corkscrew motion
102
Fimbriae
fine, proteinaceous, hair-like bristles that aid in attaching to host
103
Pilus
transfers DNA from one cell to another
*conjugation pili receive info from attachment pili*
104
Prokaryotic Cell Wall
*repeating framework of disaccharide Glycan chains (NAG & NAM) cross linked by short polypeptides
*prevents bacteria from bursting due to osmotic changed
*MADE OF PEPTIDOGLYCANS
105
Gram-positive cell wall
*uniform, thick layer of peptidoglycans
*presence of teichoic and lipoteichoic acids to maintain cell wall, aid in cell division, and aid in binding pathogens to tissues
*Crystal violet stains the thick layer of peptidoglycan so gram positive microbes retain purple color
106
Gram negative cell wall
*Outer membrane contiains, O polysaccharide, Lipid A (endotoxin that can become toxi when released during infection), and Porin proteins
*Thin layer of peptidoglycan (No Teichoic acid)
*Large periplasmic space for metabolism
*loses crystal violet during staining and is counterstained red with Gram's Safranin
107
Lysozymes
digest disaccharide in peptidoglycans
108
penicillins
inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycans
109
Mycobacterium sp.
gram positive wall with 60% lipid
110
Mycoplasma sp.
no cell walls
111
Archaea
*some lack cell walls
*some have pseudopeptidoglycans
112
Plasma Membrane
*floating fatty layer
*eukaryotes have sterols while prokaryotes DO NOT
*peripheral, integral and transmembrane proteins
*selectively permeable
113
simple diffusion
movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
114
what can and can't get through plasma membranes?
CAN: small molecules (gasses), hydrophobic moilecules (like lipids), small polar molecules
CAN NOT: large polar molecules, charged molecules (ions)
115
facilitated diffusion
solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane, powered by simple molecular motion
116
osmosis
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
117
osmotic pressure
the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
118
isotonic solution
no net movement of water
119
hypotonic
water moves into the cell because the inside of the cell has more salt than the environment
120
hypertonic
water moves out of the cell because the inside of the cell has less salt than the environment
121
passive transport
movement of molecules across a membrane with no energy requirement
122
Cytoplasm
*70-80% water
*dense jello-like solution of salts, amino acids, proteins, carbs, and soluble organic matter
*serves as solvent
123
Chromosome
*single circular molecule
*contains all genetic information required by a cell
*DNA is coiled around nucleoid (protein in a dense area)
124
Plasmid
*small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
*free or inside chromosome
*useful gene, but not essential
125
Ribosomes
*site of protein synthesis
*more dense in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes
*60% ribosomal and 40% protein
126
Inclusions and Granules
*variable in size, number, and content
*stored resources if environmental sources are depleted
*ex: glycogen, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
127
Endospores
*two forms: vegetative cell and endospore cell
*toughest of all life forms due to Ca++, Dipicolinic acid, thick coat and cortex
*G+ genera only: Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina
128
Staphylococcus Aureus disease names and system affected
*Folliculitis, Abscess, Carbuncle, Furuncle, Bullous Impetigo, Osteomyelitis, TSS, SSS
*Skin & Bone
129
Streptococcus pyogenes disease names and system affected
*Streptococcal Impetigo, Necrotizing Fasciitis, Strep throat, Scarlet fever
*Skin: Necrotizing fasciitis, Streptococcal Impetigo
*Respiratory: Strep throat, Scarlet fever
130
Streptococcus pneumoniae disease names and system affected
*Pneumococcal pneumonia, Pneumococcal meningitis, Otitis media
*Respiratory: Pneumococcal pneumonia
*Nervous: Pneumococcal meningitis, otitis media
131
Streptococcus mutans disease names and system affected
*Dental caries, Periodontitis, Gingivitis
*GI Tract
132
Dehydration synthesis
Builds polymers/oligomers from monomers
*requires energy, water is released
133
Hydrolysis
Breaks down polymers to oligomers to monomers
*requires water, energy is released
