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microbio > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Spontaneuos Generation contributors

A

Aristotle
Needham

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2
Q

Biogenesis contributors

A

Redi
Spellanzani
Pasteur

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3
Q

Cell Theory contributors

A

Hooke
Leeuwenhoek
Schwann & Schleiden
Virchow

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4
Q

Germ Theory contributors

A

Semmelweiss
Pasteur
Koch

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5
Q

Disease Prevention contributors

A

Lister

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6
Q

Disease Control/Treatment contributors

A

Pasteur
Jenner
Ehrlich
Fleming

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7
Q

Endospore Discovery contributors

A

Cohn
Tyndall

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8
Q

Aristotle

A

introduced idea of spontaneous generation

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9
Q

Needham

A

contributed to spontaneous generation. Boiled chicken broth in open container and let it cool. capped it and days later microbes grew inside.

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10
Q

Redi

A

contributed to biogenesis. placed meat in three containers: one uncovered and two uncovered. The one left uncovered grew maggots while the other two did not

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11
Q

Spallanzani

A

contributed to biogenesis. corrected needham’s experiment by boiling closed container. days later, nothing grew since contaminants from the air cold not get in

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12
Q

Pasteur

A

contributed to biogenesis. Created new way of killing microbes in things by boiling in a swan-necked flask since microbes would have to work against gravity to get in and contaminate whatever
contributed to germ theory. proved that food spoiled due to bacterial growth
contributed to disease control/treatment: created rabies vaccine

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13
Q

Hooke

A

contributed to cell theory. observed cork pieces under a microscope and discovered tiny organisms invisible to the naked eye

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14
Q

Leewenhoek

A

contributed to cell theory. observed pieces of cloth and found tiny organisms which he called “animalcules”

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15
Q

Semmelweiss

A

contribued to germ theory. noted the increase in deaths in maternity wards when MDs would go back and form from attending birth and doing autopsies without disinfecting

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16
Q

Koch

A

contributed to germ theory: came up with method of smearing and staining slides and using agar to grow cultures

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17
Q

Lister

A

contributed to disease prevention: came up with antiseptic methods to disinfect selves and tools

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18
Q

Jenner

A

contributed to disease control/treatment: innoculated patient who had case of smallpox with cowpox virus so they can build up antibodies to help fight smallpox

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19
Q

Ehrlich

A

contributed to disease control/treatment: synthetic arsenic to fight syphillis

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20
Q

Fleming

A

contributed to disease control/treatment: foud that lysosomes in tears had chemotherapeutic properties. also created first penicilin

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21
Q

Cohn

A

contributed to endospore discovery. discovered heat-resistant cells (aka endospores)

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22
Q

Tyndall

A

contributed to discovery of endospores: discovered bacteria live in both heat-stable AND heat-sensitive forms

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23
Q

Levels of classification

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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24
Q

presence of microbes on the surface of a host

A

contamination

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25
Q

invasion of the tissue by a pathogen

A

infection

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26
Q

causal agent of disease

A

etiology

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27
Q

change in state of health

A

disease

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28
Q

changes in body function that are measurable/observable to/by observer

A

signs

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29
Q

changes in body function not observable to/by observer

A

symptoms

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30
Q

serious disease effects seen in only a minority of patients

A

complications

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31
Q

permanent or semi-permanent changes to health seen well after the pathogen is gone from the body

A

sequelae

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32
Q

2 or more organisms living together

A

symbiosis

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33
Q

both organisms benefit (++)

A

mutualism

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34
Q

one organism benefits while the other is unaffected (+0)

A

commensalism

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35
Q

one organism benefits at the cost of the other (+-)

A

parasitism

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36
Q

organisms that may turn into a parasite given the opportunity

A

opportunists

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37
Q

organisms that stop other microbes from growin

A

microbial antagonist

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38
Q

benefits of resident microbiota

A

+stimulates immune system
+defense
+prevents overgrowth of opporunists
+required for normal intestinal, immunological, & CNS function
+production of essential micronutrients (B&K)

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39
Q

Adverse effects of resident microbiota

A

-potential for endogenous infection
-reservoirs and human carriers of pathogens

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40
Q

Microbiota and babies

A

Babies get lactobacilus spp. from vaginal tract prior to birth. babies get antibodies and lipids with fatty acids from breastfeeding which allows certain GI microbes to grow.

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41
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Disease Cases
  2. Isolation & ID of pathogen
  3. Innoculation of animal
  4. Disease
  5. Re-Isolation & ID of same organism
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42
Q

disease that occurs randomly and unpredictably

A

sporadic disease

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43
Q

disease always present in a population at low levels

A

endemic

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44
Q

a disease suddenly has a higher than normal incidence in a population

A

epidemic

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45
Q

when an epidemic spreads worldwide

A

pandemic

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46
Q

Disease Cycle

A
  1. Survival outside the host (reservoir)
  2. Transmission to host
  3. Portal of entry
  4. Attachment to target tissue (disease start)
  5. Colonization
  6. Host Destruction
  7. Portal of exit
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47
Q

infection caused by patient’s own pathogens, or opportunists among the microbiota

A

endogenous

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48
Q

infection caused by organisms that enter the patient from the environment

A

exogenous

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49
Q

diseases transmitted naturally (directly or indirectly) from infected animal to humans

A

zoonoses

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50
Q

infection sources

A

soil, water, food

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51
Q

diseases acquired during a hospital or health facility stay

A

nosocomial infection (HAI)

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52
Q

top nosocomial infections

A
  1. UTI
  2. Surgical wounds
  3. Respiratory tract
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53
Q

Top microbiota causing nosocomial infections

A
  1. Escherichia coli
  2. Staphylococcus aureus
  3. Streptococcus
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54
Q

diseases that may be picked up from the environment but CANNOT then be passed on to another living host

A

non-communicable disease

55
Q

diseases capable of being spread from one LIVING host to another LIVING host either through direct contact or else indirectly

A

communicable disease

56
Q

transmission requiring body contact between individuals

A

direct contact transmission

57
Q

transmission occuring when a person coughs or sneezes dried mucous (droplets travel less than 1m)

A

direct droplet transmission

58
Q

transmission requiring fomite (objects that can transmit disease from one living host to another)

A

indirect transmission

59
Q

non-living carrier of a microbe from its reservoir to a host (indirect host-to-host transmission >1m)

A

vehicle transmission

60
Q

living organisms that transmit diseases from one host to another

A

vector transmission

61
Q

separation of “healthy” person who has been exposed to a communicable disease

A

quarantine

62
Q

portals of entry

A

skin
respiratory & digestive tracts
genital-urinary tract
mucous membrane
placenta

63
Q

the ability to cause disease in a host

A

pathogenicity

64
Q

the degree of pathogenicity severity

A

virulence

65
Q

the number of cells required to cause 50% of healthy hosts to become infected

A

infectious dose (ID 50)

66
Q

the cell number or the potency of a toxin and the concentration that will kill 50% of inoculated healthy animals

A

lethal dose (LD 50)

67
Q

pathogenesis (factors affecting disease procesS)

A
  1. number of microbes
  2. attachment
  3. avoidance of phagocytes
  4. evasion of immune system
  5. production of extracellular enzymes
  6. production of exotoxins
  7. production of endotoxins
68
Q

coagulase

A

clots blood plasma

69
Q

keratinase

A

enables invasion of hair

70
Q

hyaluronidase

A

digests host connective tissue

71
Q

streptokinase

A

digest blood clots

72
Q

collagenase

A

breaks peptide bonds in collagen

73
Q

mucinase

A

destroys mucous?

74
Q

hemolysins

A

lyse red blood cells and damages host tissues

75
Q

erythrogenic toxins

A

cause red rash and fever

76
Q

leukocidins

A

lyse host neutrophils and macrophages

77
Q

lipases

A

digest host lipids for skin colonization

78
Q

streptodornase

A

digests DNA

79
Q

Disease stages

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Period of invasion
  4. Illness decline
  5. Convalescent period
80
Q

The number of new cases

A

incidence

81
Q

the total number of infected people at any given time

A

prevalence

82
Q

the number of disease cases (sick individuals) within a specific time period with respect to the entire population

A

morbidity

83
Q

the number of disease deaths during a specific time period with respect to the total population

A

mortality rate

84
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

*smaller than eukaryotes
*one circular chromosome, not in a membrane
*no histones
*70s ribosomes
*no organelles
*peptidoglycan cell walls
*replication via binary fission

85
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

*bigger than prokaryotic cells
*paired chromosomes, in nuclear membranes
*histones
*80s ribosomes
*organelles
*polysaccharide cell walls
*replication via mitosis spindle

86
Q

coccus

A

circular shaped bacteria

87
Q

bacillus

A

rod shaped bacteria

88
Q

vibrio

A

curved shaped bacteria

89
Q

spirillum

A

spiral shaped bacteria

90
Q

spirochete

A

coil shaped bacteria

91
Q

diplo

A

paired cell arrangement

92
Q

staphylo

A

clustered cell arrangement

93
Q

strepto

A

chains cell arrangement

94
Q

glycocalyx

A

*coating of sugar and protein
*slime layer is loose so it’s easier to escape host’s defenses
*capsule is better attached and organized to better protect self
*functions: attachment, protection, receptor

95
Q

quorum sensing

A

communication and cooperation between microbes [for colonzing host]

96
Q

Flagellum

A

*Filament: long, thin, helical structure composed of protein Flagelin
*Hook: curved sheath
Basal body: stack of rings firmly attached in cell wall
Function: MOTILITY
*USEFUL FOR IDENTIFYING GRAM -VE SEROVARS

97
Q

monotrichous

A

microbe with single flagellum at one end

98
Q

lophotrichous

A

microbe with small bunches of flagella arising from one end of cell

99
Q

amphitrichous

A

microbe with flagella at both ends of the cell

100
Q

peritrichous

A

microbe with flagella all over, also slowest type

101
Q

Axial Filaments

A

*found between cell wall and outer sheath
*anchored at one end
*rotation = corkscrew motion

102
Q

Fimbriae

A

fine, proteinaceous, hair-like bristles that aid in attaching to host

103
Q

Pilus

A

transfers DNA from one cell to another
conjugation pili receive info from attachment pili

104
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Wall

A

*repeating framework of disaccharide Glycan chains (NAG & NAM) cross linked by short polypeptides
*prevents bacteria from bursting due to osmotic changed
*MADE OF PEPTIDOGLYCANS

105
Q

Gram-positive cell wall

A

*uniform, thick layer of peptidoglycans
*presence of teichoic and lipoteichoic acids to maintain cell wall, aid in cell division, and aid in binding pathogens to tissues
*Crystal violet stains the thick layer of peptidoglycan so gram positive microbes retain purple color

106
Q

Gram negative cell wall

A

*Outer membrane contiains, O polysaccharide, Lipid A (endotoxin that can become toxi when released during infection), and Porin proteins
*Thin layer of peptidoglycan (No Teichoic acid)
*Large periplasmic space for metabolism
*loses crystal violet during staining and is counterstained red with Gram’s Safranin

107
Q

Lysozymes

A

digest disaccharide in peptidoglycans

108
Q

penicillins

A

inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycans

109
Q

Mycobacterium sp.

A

gram positive wall with 60% lipid

110
Q

Mycoplasma sp.

A

no cell walls

111
Q

Archaea

A

*some lack cell walls
*some have pseudopeptidoglycans

112
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

*floating fatty layer
*eukaryotes have sterols while prokaryotes DO NOT
*peripheral, integral and transmembrane proteins
*selectively permeable

113
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

114
Q

what can and can’t get through plasma membranes?

A

CAN: small molecules (gasses), hydrophobic moilecules (like lipids), small polar molecules
CAN NOT: large polar molecules, charged molecules (ions)

115
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane, powered by simple molecular motion

116
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

117
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

118
Q

isotonic solution

A

no net movement of water

119
Q

hypotonic

A

water moves into the cell because the inside of the cell has more salt than the environment

120
Q

hypertonic

A

water moves out of the cell because the inside of the cell has less salt than the environment

121
Q

passive transport

A

movement of molecules across a membrane with no energy requirement

122
Q

Cytoplasm

A

*70-80% water
*dense jello-like solution of salts, amino acids, proteins, carbs, and soluble organic matter
*serves as solvent

123
Q

Chromosome

A

*single circular molecule
*contains all genetic information required by a cell
*DNA is coiled around nucleoid (protein in a dense area)

124
Q

Plasmid

A

*small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
*free or inside chromosome
*useful gene, but not essential

125
Q

Ribosomes

A

*site of protein synthesis
*more dense in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes
*60% ribosomal and 40% protein

126
Q

Inclusions and Granules

A

*variable in size, number, and content
*stored resources if environmental sources are depleted
*ex: glycogen, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

127
Q

Endospores

A

*two forms: vegetative cell and endospore cell
*toughest of all life forms due to Ca++, Dipicolinic acid, thick coat and cortex
*G+ genera only: Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina

128
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus disease names and system affected

A

*Folliculitis, Abscess, Carbuncle, Furuncle, Bullous Impetigo, Osteomyelitis, TSS, SSS
*Skin & Bone

129
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes disease names and system affected

A

*Streptococcal Impetigo, Necrotizing Fasciitis, Strep throat, Scarlet fever
*Skin: Necrotizing fasciitis, Streptococcal Impetigo
*Respiratory: Strep throat, Scarlet fever

130
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae disease names and system affected

A

*Pneumococcal pneumonia, Pneumococcal meningitis, Otitis media
*Respiratory: Pneumococcal pneumonia
*Nervous: Pneumococcal meningitis, otitis media

131
Q

Streptococcus mutans disease names and system affected

A

*Dental caries, Periodontitis, Gingivitis
*GI Tract

132
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Builds polymers/oligomers from monomers
*requires energy, water is released

133
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks down polymers to oligomers to monomers
*requires water, energy is released

microbio (17 decks)

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