Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Eukaryotic Cell Structures (vs Prokaryotic)

Answer 1

-Eukaryotic cells have organelles
-Eukaryotes are bigger in size and are more dense
-Reproduce via mitosis/meiosis

Question 2

Prokaryotic Cell Structures (vs Eukaryotes)

Answer 2

• Prokaryotes do NOT have pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella (they have bacterial flagella)
• Prokaryotes have plasmids, fimbriae, pili, endospores, and inclusions

Question 3

Endosymbiotic (prokaryotic cell origin) Structures

Answer 3

Mitochondira, Chloroplasts, Cilia, Flagella, Centrioles

Question 4

Characteristics of Fungi

Answer 4

• Unicellular (yeasts) vs. Multicellular (molds = mycelium & hyphae)
  -Cell walls are made out of chitin
  -Heterotrophs: eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
  -Aerobic/Facultatively Anaerobic
  -Optimal acidic pH of 5
  -Colonizers (endospores)
  -Hyphae (lines of cells) septate/aseptate
  -Most are saprophytes (lives on dead matter) and are not pathogenic
  -important decomposers
  -absorbs products, minerals and ions

Question 5

How are Fungi classified?

Answer 5

By sexual spores

Question 6

Fungi Classification

Zygomycetes

Answer 6

Fungi recognized by zygospores inside sporangia (bread mold)

Question 7

Fungi Classification

Ascomycetes

Answer 7

Fungi that produces their spores in special pods or sac-like structures called ascus. (fungi, yeast, truffles)

Question 8

Fungi Classification

Basidiomycetes

Answer 8

fungi with spores produced on a club-like structure are known as a basidium (mushrooms and toadstools)

Question 9

Fungi Classification

Imperfect fungi (Deutromycetes)

Answer 9

asexual spores that we can’t classify yet

Question 10

Mycoses

Answer 10

fungal infections

Question 11

Types of Mycoses

Answer 11

Systemic & Superficial/Cutaneous/Subcutaneous(Dermatophytes)

Question 12

Systemic True Infections

Answer 12

-soil fungi
-inhalation of spores
-immune-compromised patients are more at risk
-disease spreads from the lungs
(pneumocystis pneumonia, histoplasmosis, Valley Fever)

Question 13

Dermatophytes

Answer 13

-cutaneous/subcutaneous mycoses
-secretes enzymes; keratinase
-Digests hair, nails, skin, horns
i.e. tineas, ringworm, jock itch, athlete’s foot)

Question 14

Opportunistic Mycoses

Answer 14

-Fungi in resident microbiota that may become pathogenic given the opportunity
-Candidiasis - Candida albicans

Question 15

Fungal Intoxications

Answer 15

fungal chemical byproducts (not cells) enter the host and causes disease (NOT AN INFECTION)

Question 16

Fungal Intoxication

Ergot Poisoning

Answer 16

• Calviceps purpurea
• purple swelling found on rye that can be spread when improperly handled and made into other products such as bread

Question 17

Fungal Intoxication

Aflatoxin

Answer 17

• Aspergillus flavus
• released by spoiled peanuts/peanut butter
• the most toxic liver carcinogen

Question 18

Fungal Intoxication

Ethanol

Answer 18

• Saccaromyces cerevisiae
• Found on fruits. Literally the peepeepoopoo of fungi that stops organ function when in large doses

Question 19

How are protists categorized?

Answer 19

by how they get their food

Question 20

Protist Classification

Heterotrophs

Answer 20

protists that get their food from organic sources

Question 21

Protist Classification

Autotrophs

Answer 21

protists that get their food from inorganic sources (algae)

Question 22

Protist Classification

Dinoflagellates

Answer 22

unicellular, dual flagella protist with a cellulose or atypical cell wall
-cause of Red Tides: an overabundance of dinoflagellates in the ocean, which may produce toxins that are very harmful to humans

Mix of Hetero and Autotroph

Question 23

Characteristics of Protozoans

Answer 23

-unicellular eukaryotes
-mostly aerobic
-heterotrophs
-inhabits water/fluids
-food is digested in vacuoles via phagocytosis
-no cell wall, but may have outer pellicle
-asexual division via binary fission, budding, schizogony, mitosis
-sexual division by gametes/gametocytes

Question 24

Protozoan Infections

Answer 24

• complex life cycles
• trophozoite (stage in which they are absorbing nutrients from host/active feeding)
• protective cysts (to survive outside of host)
• most common in tropical/subtropical regions

Question 25

How are protozoans classified?

Answer 25

Classification by motility

Question 26

Classifications of Protozoans

Sarcodina

Answer 26

proteins push out and they get fake feet (pseudopodia)
-amoebas

Question 27

Classifications of Protozoans

Mastigophora

Answer 27

flagella
-flagellates

Question 28

Classifications of Protozoans

Ciliata

Answer 28

cilia
-ciliates

Question 29

Classifications of Protozoans

Sporozoa

Answer 29

Apicomplexa; non-motile most of their life-cycle (like spores)

Question 30

Characteristics of Helminths

Answer 30

-flatworms and roundworms
-multicellular animals ranging from 1nm - 25m in length
-highly developed reproductive tracts, thick outer cuticle, and mouths are able to break down host tissue
-eggs: protective shell and food storage (able to be produced by the thousands/millions)

Question 31

How are Helminths classified?

Answer 31

classification by egg morphology

Question 32

Classifications of Helminths

Phyulm Platyhelminthes

Answer 32

-flatworms
i.e. cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes)

Question 33

Classifications of Helminths

Roundworms

Answer 33

Nematoda
* can be parasitic
* some are hermaphroditic (some have male and female sex organs within the same worm so that they can sexually reproduce with themselves)