Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
Midterm 2
Eukaryotic Cell Structures (vs Prokaryotic)
-Eukaryotic cells have organelles
-Eukaryotes are bigger in size and are more dense
-Reproduce via mitosis/meiosis
Prokaryotic Cell Structures (vs Eukaryotes)
- Prokaryotes do NOT have pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella (they have bacterial flagella)
- Prokaryotes have plasmids, fimbriae, pili, endospores, and inclusions
Endosymbiotic (prokaryotic cell origin) Structures
Mitochondira, Chloroplasts, Cilia, Flagella, Centrioles
Characteristics of Fungi
- Unicellular (yeasts) vs. Multicellular (molds = mycelium & hyphae)
-Cell walls are made out of chitin
-Heterotrophs: eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
-Aerobic/Facultatively Anaerobic
-Optimal acidic pH of 5
-Colonizers (endospores)
-Hyphae (lines of cells) septate/aseptate
-Most are saprophytes (lives on dead matter) and are not pathogenic
-important decomposers
-absorbs products, minerals and ions
How are Fungi classified?
By sexual spores
Fungi Classification
Zygomycetes
Fungi recognized by zygospores inside sporangia (bread mold)
Fungi Classification
Ascomycetes
Fungi that produces their spores in special pods or sac-like structures called ascus. (fungi, yeast, truffles)
Fungi Classification
Basidiomycetes
fungi with spores produced on a club-like structure are known as a basidium (mushrooms and toadstools)
Fungi Classification
Imperfect fungi (Deutromycetes)
asexual spores that we can’t classify yet
Mycoses
fungal infections
Types of Mycoses
Systemic & Superficial/Cutaneous/Subcutaneous(Dermatophytes)
Systemic True Infections
-soil fungi
-inhalation of spores
-immune-compromised patients are more at risk
-disease spreads from the lungs
(pneumocystis pneumonia, histoplasmosis, Valley Fever)
Dermatophytes
-cutaneous/subcutaneous mycoses
-secretes enzymes; keratinase
-Digests hair, nails, skin, horns
i.e. tineas, ringworm, jock itch, athlete’s foot)
Opportunistic Mycoses
-Fungi in resident microbiota that may become pathogenic given the opportunity
-Candidiasis - Candida albicans
Fungal Intoxications
fungal chemical byproducts (not cells) enter the host and causes disease (NOT AN INFECTION)
Fungal Intoxication
Ergot Poisoning
- Calviceps purpurea
- purple swelling found on rye that can be spread when improperly handled and made into other products such as bread
Fungal Intoxication
Aflatoxin
- Aspergillus flavus
- released by spoiled peanuts/peanut butter
- the most toxic liver carcinogen
Fungal Intoxication
Ethanol
- Saccaromyces cerevisiae
- Found on fruits. Literally the peepeepoopoo of fungi that stops organ function when in large doses
How are protists categorized?
by how they get their food
Protist Classification
Heterotrophs
protists that get their food from organic sources
Protist Classification
Autotrophs
protists that get their food from inorganic sources (algae)
Protist Classification
Dinoflagellates
unicellular, dual flagella protist with a cellulose or atypical cell wall
-cause of Red Tides: an overabundance of dinoflagellates in the ocean, which may produce toxins that are very harmful to humans
Mix of Hetero and Autotroph
Characteristics of Protozoans
-unicellular eukaryotes
-mostly aerobic
-heterotrophs
-inhabits water/fluids
-food is digested in vacuoles via phagocytosis
-no cell wall, but may have outer pellicle
-asexual division via binary fission, budding, schizogony, mitosis
-sexual division by gametes/gametocytes
Protozoan Infections
- complex life cycles
- trophozoite (stage in which they are absorbing nutrients from host/active feeding)
- protective cysts (to survive outside of host)
- most common in tropical/subtropical regions
