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Paediatrics > Physical and Sensory Disability > Flashcards

Physical and Sensory Disability Flashcards

1
Q

What is impairment?

A

Functional limitation caused by physical, mental or sensory impairment (organ based)

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2
Q

What is disability?

A

Loss or limitation of opportunity to participate in the normal life of the community on levels with others due to physical or social barriers (person based)

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3
Q

What is handicap?

A

Disadvantage suffered as a consequence of impairment and disability (socially based)

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4
Q

What is a physical disability?

A

Limitation to a person’s physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina such as respiratory disorders, blindness, epilepsy or sleep disorders

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4
Q

What is a physical disability?

A

Limitation to a person’s physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina such as respiratory disorders, blindness, epilepsy or sleep disorders

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5
Q

Name 3 causes of physical disabilities

A
  1. Prenatal
  2. Perinatal
  3. Postnatal
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6
Q

What are prenatal disabilities?

A

Disabilities acquired before birth

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7
Q

What are perinatal disabilities?

A

Disabilities acquired between some weeks before and up to 4 weeks after birth

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8
Q

Name 3 causes of prenatal disabilities

A
  1. Diseases or substances that the mother has been exposed to during pregnancy
  2. Developmental accidents
  3. Genetic disorders
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9
Q

What is the most common prenatal disability?

A

Cerebral palsy

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10
Q

Name 4 causes of perinatal disabilities

A
  1. Prolonged lack of oxygen leading to brain damage
  2. Premature baby
  3. Genetic disorders
  4. Accidents
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11
Q

What are postnatal disabilities?

A

Disabilities gained after birth

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12
Q

Name 3 types of cerebral palsy

A
  1. Athetoid
  2. Spastic
  3. Ataxic
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13
Q

What causes cerebral palsy?

A

Brain damage in development during either foetal life, during birth or in first few months of infancy

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14
Q

What is athetoid cerebral palsy also known as?

A

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy (ADCP)

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15
Q

What is ADCP primarily associated with?

A

Damage to basal ganglia in the form of lesions which occur during brain development due to bilirubin encephalopathy and hypoxic brain injury

16
Q

Describe spastic cerebral palsy

A
  • Most common type of cerebral palsy
  • Upper motor neurone lesion
  • Manifests as excessive muscle tone and contractures
  • Many people with spastic CP use wheelchairs
17
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of cerebral palsy

A
  • Paralysis
  • Altered muscle tone
  • Unsteady gait
  • Difficulty with gross motor skills
  • Difficulty with fine motor skills
18
Q

What is the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia?

A
  • Paraplegia results from injury to the spinal cord, occuring below the neck
  • Quadriplegia refers to damage to the spinal cord in the neck
19
Q

Name 6 dental implications of cerebral palsy

A
  1. Gingival hyperplasia
  2. Increased caries
  3. Malocclusion
  4. Erosion (high prevalence of GORD)
  5. Increased gag reflex
  6. Bruxism
20
Q

What is Thalidomide Syndrome?

A
  • Thalidomide taken as a morning sickness drug

- Babies born with birth defects including deafness, blindness and physical deformities (cleft palate and limbs)

21
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A
  • Group of disorders which involve progressive loss of muscle mass
  • Affect up to 1 in 5,000 males
  • Caused by genetic mutations which interfere with muscle protein production
  • No cure but treatments can slow progression and improve symptoms
22
Q

What is the most common form of muscular dystrophy?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

23
Q

Describe 3 dental implications of muscular dystrophy

A
  1. GA risk (cardiac and respiratory function)
  2. Progressive facial weakness leading to open mouth posture
  3. Physical disability
24
Q

Describe ideal components of communication with a person who uses a wheelchair

A
  • Avoid presumptions about physical ability
  • Speak directly to person
  • Offer help where appropriate
  • Learn location of accessible ramps
25
Q

What are sensory disabilities?

A

Involve any sense but generally refers to disability related to hearing, vision or both

26
Q

What is a sensory impairment?

A

When one of your senses is no longer normal e.g wearing glasses

27
Q

What is sensory loss?

A

Not necessarily a total loss of hearing but more than simply impairment

28
Q

Describe 3 types of hearing loss

A

Conductive - Sounds from tympanic membrane to inner ear are blocked
Sensorineural - Defect of cochlear nerve
Exposure to loud noises

29
Q

Describe the potential barriers to dental care for a patient suffering from hearing impairment or loss

A
  • Booking appointments by telephone
  • Waiting room may be stressful trying to communicate with receptionists
  • Difficulties in treatment area
  • Have to rely on relative and feel left out of conversation
30
Q

Name 5 potential ways to help a person suffering from hearing loss in the dental practice

A
  • Encourage to inform surgery of any impairment
  • Highlight hearing on notes so everyone aware
  • Deaf Awareness Training
  • Allow bookings by email
  • Allow extra time for consultation
31
Q

Describe 3 ways to improve communication between the dentist and a patient suffering from hearing impairment or less

A
  1. Use patient’s preferred method of communication
  2. Look at the patient while listening in good light
  3. Back up the consultation with written material (PILs)
32
Q

What is a visual impairment?

A

Visually impaired person’s eyesight cannot be corrected to a normal level

33
Q

Name 5 causes of visual impairment

A
  1. Cataracts (most common)
  2. Albinism
  3. Glaucoma
  4. Retinal detachment
  5. Nerve lesion
34
Q

What is blindness?

A

State or condition of being unable to see because of injury, disease or congenital condition

35
Q

Name 3 causes of blindness

A
  1. Ocular damage
  2. Optic nerve damage
  3. Cortical damage
36
Q

Describe how dental care for individuals with visual impairment may be improved

A
  • Ensure passages clear, areas well lit, large print signs in dangerous areas and handrails by stairs
  • Tactile maps and braille signs are helpful
  • Dark safety glasses may be necessary
  • Allow patients to touch instruments and explain what they will sense from other senses
37
Q

Describe oral hygeine advice for a person with visual impairment

A
  • Tailored to reflect individual’s level of impairment
  • Range from large bold text to braille
  • Adapt methods with use of models and other aids

Paediatrics (12 decks)

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