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General Development and Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Orderly and relatively enduring changes over time in physical and neurological structures, though processes and behaviours

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2
Q

What is maturation?

A

Universal sequence of biological events occuring in the body and brain that permits a psychological function to appear

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3
Q

What is a term infant?

A

Born at gestational age between 37 and 42 completed weeks

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4
Q

What is a neonate?

A

Birth to 4 weeks old

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5
Q

What is an infant?

A

4 weeks to 1 year

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6
Q

What is a toddler?

A

1 year to 3 years

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7
Q

What is a preschooler?

A

3 years to 5 years

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8
Q

What is a school child?

A

5 years to 16 years

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9
Q

What is an adolescent?

A

12 years to 18 years

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10
Q

What is a personal child health record?

A

National standard health and development record given to parents at a child’s birth

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11
Q

Describe the eating habits of a child from birth to 18 months

A

Birth to 6 months - Breast or bottle fed
6 to 12 months - Weaning foot (no salt or honey)
12 to 18 months - Can eat family dinners
18+ months - Weaned

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12
Q

Name 5 types of child development

A

1, Motor

  1. Cognitive
  2. Perceptual
  3. Language
  4. Social
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13
Q

Describe gross motor development skills

A

Abilities required in order to control the large muscles of the body for walking, running, sitting and crawling etc

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14
Q

Describe gross motor development from 8 to 18 months old

A 
8 months - Sitting without support
8-9 months - Hands and knees crawling
8-10 months - Standing with assistance
11 months - Standing along
12 months - Walking with assistance
8-18 months - Walking alone
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15
Q

What is fine motor development?

A

Can be defined as coordination of small muscle movements which occur e.g usually in fingers and coordination in the eyes

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16
Q

Name 3 clinical implications of motor development

A
  1. Oral hygeine instruction
  2. Getting in the chair
  3. Detection of non-accidental injury
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17
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Development of intelligence, conscious thought and problem solving ability which begins at infancy

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18
Q

Describe 3 theories of cognitive development

A

Cognitive Theory - Focus on thinking interpretation, learning and remembering
Behaviourism - Directed by environmental influences
Psychodynamic Theory - Man has instinctive drives, aggression-activity

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19
Q

Name 3 clinical implications of cognitive development

A
  • OHI (motivation varies by age group)
  • Children under stress may not act according to developmental stage
  • Children develop understanding with age
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20
Q

What is perceptual development?

A
  • Infants perceive the world to make sense of it

- Research into development of sensory and perceptual abilities is important

21
Q

Name 2 key components of perceptual development

A
  1. Hearing

2. Vision

22
Q

Describe 4 stages of hearing development

A

6-8 weeks - Responds to sounds
4 months - Move or react when someone speaks or makes noise
1 year old - Recognise their own name
7 years old - Can determine which messages merit attention

23
Q

Describe 5 stages of vision development

A

Neonate - Poor colour discrimination and limited visual fields
9-12 months - Child can spot small objects and visually alert to new people
2 years - Optic nerve myelinization complete
3 years - Retinal tissue is mature
6 years - Scan less of an object, fixate on detail

24
Q

Name 3 clinical implications of perceptual development

A
  1. By 7 years knows what merits attention
  2. May fixate on visual details rather than overall picture
  3. Behavioural management method indications
25
What is speech?
Verbal expression of language including articulation
26
What is language?
Broader than speech and refers to the entire system of expressing and receiving information in a way that is meaningful
27
Describe the development stages of speech and language
6 months - Babble 12 months - Mama and dada 18 months - Single words with meaning 1-2 years - Uses 10 to 20 words and understands "no" 2-3 years - Identify body parts, 450 word vocabulary and understand time 3-4 years - Can tell story, sentences, vocabulary of 1000 words
28
What is the clinical implication of language development?
Age appropriate communication with children
29
What is social development?
Development of personality and acquisition of social attitudes and skills from infancy through maturity
30
Describe social development from infancy to adolescence
Infancy - Make eye contact, smile and laugh Early childhood - Learn sharing and turn taking School years - Friendship more important, fairness and equality important Adolescence - Socially centred with friendships taking priority
31
Describe common fears for children from 9 months to 16 years
``` 9-12 months - Loud noise and separation 2-4 years - Imaginary objects 4 years - Dark and unknown 5-6 years - Social and school fears 6-16 years - Injury, death and natural events ```
32
Describe 3 types of parenting styles
Authoritarian - Rules and order Permissive - Few rules and freedom for child Authoritative - Try to show responsibility for behaviour
33
Name 5 dental implications of parenting styles
1. Communication 2. Type of examination 3. Behaviour management 4. Oral hygeine instruction 5. Detection of non-accidental injury
34
What is a child?
Individual who is in the process of developing language, intellect, motor skills and personality
35
What is the aim when treating a child?
Successfully complete treatment as required and have the patient, parent and dental team consider it as a positive experience
36
Name 4 things to consider when treating a child
1. Individuals 2. Relationships 3. Dental visit 4. Potential problems
37
What individuals are involved during a child's visit to a dental surgery?
1. Child 2. Parent 3. Dentist 4. Dental nurses
38
Why are parents important during a child's visit to the dentist?
- Decide when to bring child to the dentist, where they go - Decide what food children eat - Part of the preventive regime - Required to give consent for the child
39
Describe how the dentist and dental team are important during a child's visit to the dentist
- Should be able to put young patients and parents at easy - Show interest in problems and communicate effectively - First impressions are very important
40
Name 5 ways the parent-child relationship can have implications for dentistry
1. Parental perceptions are passed to child 2. Attitudes to dental health 3. Dietary habits 4. Overprotective parents 5. Parental anxiety is passed to the child
41
Name 5 ways to assess the child and parent attitudes to dental care
1. Past dental history 2. Previous extractions and GA 3. Acceptance of oral health advice 4. Attendance for treatment 5. Compliance with oral hygeine regime
42
Describe the key components of parent management during a child's visit to the surgery
- Keep parents informed - Never deny parent access to the child - Be prepared to separate child from the parent to discuss sensitive issues
43
Name 4 potential problems parents throw up during a child's visit
1. Repeating orders 2. Answering for the child 3. Attentions divided 4. Interferes with dentist-patient relationship
44
Name 4 classifications of co-operation
1. Pre-cooperative 2. Potentially cooperative 3. Cooperative 4. Lacking cooperative ability
45
What is pre-cooperation?
A child which cannot cooperate due to age
46
What is potentially cooperative?
A child who is not currently cooperating but has the potential to cooperate
47
What is lacking cooperative ability?
A child which some sort of impairment which prevents cooperation e.g hearing impairments
48
What are 2 ways to promote positive behaviour?
1. Positive verbal and non verbal communication Show interest in child Give well state instructions Communicate on child level 2. Realistic and achievable treatment goals
49
Name 5 warning signs during a child's visit
1. Persistent rinsing, coughing or spitting out 2. Mouth closing and fidgeting 3. Blunt refusal to co-operate 4. Tears 5. Feeling sick or pain

Paediatrics (12 decks)

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