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Paediatrics > General Development and Management > Flashcards

General Development and Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Orderly and relatively enduring changes over time in physical and neurological structures, though processes and behaviours

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2
Q

What is maturation?

A

Universal sequence of biological events occuring in the body and brain that permits a psychological function to appear

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3
Q

What is a term infant?

A

Born at gestational age between 37 and 42 completed weeks

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4
Q

What is a neonate?

A

Birth to 4 weeks old

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5
Q

What is an infant?

A

4 weeks to 1 year

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6
Q

What is a toddler?

A

1 year to 3 years

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7
Q

What is a preschooler?

A

3 years to 5 years

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8
Q

What is a school child?

A

5 years to 16 years

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9
Q

What is an adolescent?

A

12 years to 18 years

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10
Q

What is a personal child health record?

A

National standard health and development record given to parents at a child’s birth

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11
Q

Describe the eating habits of a child from birth to 18 months

A

Birth to 6 months - Breast or bottle fed
6 to 12 months - Weaning foot (no salt or honey)
12 to 18 months - Can eat family dinners
18+ months - Weaned

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12
Q

Name 5 types of child development

A

1, Motor

  1. Cognitive
  2. Perceptual
  3. Language
  4. Social
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13
Q

Describe gross motor development skills

A

Abilities required in order to control the large muscles of the body for walking, running, sitting and crawling etc

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14
Q

Describe gross motor development from 8 to 18 months old

A 
8 months - Sitting without support
8-9 months - Hands and knees crawling
8-10 months - Standing with assistance
11 months - Standing along
12 months - Walking with assistance
8-18 months - Walking alone
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15
Q

What is fine motor development?

A

Can be defined as coordination of small muscle movements which occur e.g usually in fingers and coordination in the eyes

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16
Q

Name 3 clinical implications of motor development

A
  1. Oral hygeine instruction
  2. Getting in the chair
  3. Detection of non-accidental injury
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17
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Development of intelligence, conscious thought and problem solving ability which begins at infancy

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18
Q

Describe 3 theories of cognitive development

A

Cognitive Theory - Focus on thinking interpretation, learning and remembering
Behaviourism - Directed by environmental influences
Psychodynamic Theory - Man has instinctive drives, aggression-activity

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19
Q

Name 3 clinical implications of cognitive development

A
  • OHI (motivation varies by age group)
  • Children under stress may not act according to developmental stage
  • Children develop understanding with age
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20
Q

What is perceptual development?

A
  • Infants perceive the world to make sense of it

- Research into development of sensory and perceptual abilities is important

21
Q

Name 2 key components of perceptual development

A
  1. Hearing

2. Vision

22
Q

Describe 4 stages of hearing development

A

6-8 weeks - Responds to sounds
4 months - Move or react when someone speaks or makes noise
1 year old - Recognise their own name
7 years old - Can determine which messages merit attention

23
Q

Describe 5 stages of vision development

A

Neonate - Poor colour discrimination and limited visual fields
9-12 months - Child can spot small objects and visually alert to new people
2 years - Optic nerve myelinization complete
3 years - Retinal tissue is mature
6 years - Scan less of an object, fixate on detail

24
Q

Name 3 clinical implications of perceptual development

A
  1. By 7 years knows what merits attention
  2. May fixate on visual details rather than overall picture
  3. Behavioural management method indications
25
Q

What is speech?

A

Verbal expression of language including articulation

26
Q

What is language?

A

Broader than speech and refers to the entire system of expressing and receiving information in a way that is meaningful

27
Q

Describe the development stages of speech and language

A

6 months - Babble
12 months - Mama and dada
18 months - Single words with meaning
1-2 years - Uses 10 to 20 words and understands “no”
2-3 years - Identify body parts, 450 word vocabulary and understand time
3-4 years - Can tell story, sentences, vocabulary of 1000 words

28
Q

What is the clinical implication of language development?

A

Age appropriate communication with children

29
Q

What is social development?

A

Development of personality and acquisition of social attitudes and skills from infancy through maturity

30
Q

Describe social development from infancy to adolescence

A

Infancy - Make eye contact, smile and laugh
Early childhood - Learn sharing and turn taking
School years - Friendship more important, fairness and equality important
Adolescence - Socially centred with friendships taking priority

31
Q

Describe common fears for children from 9 months to 16 years

A 
9-12 months - Loud noise and separation
2-4 years - Imaginary objects
4 years - Dark and unknown
5-6 years - Social and school fears
6-16 years - Injury, death and natural events
32
Q

Describe 3 types of parenting styles

A

Authoritarian - Rules and order
Permissive - Few rules and freedom for child
Authoritative - Try to show responsibility for behaviour

33
Q

Name 5 dental implications of parenting styles

A
  1. Communication
  2. Type of examination
  3. Behaviour management
  4. Oral hygeine instruction
  5. Detection of non-accidental injury
34
Q

What is a child?

A

Individual who is in the process of developing language, intellect, motor skills and personality

35
Q

What is the aim when treating a child?

A

Successfully complete treatment as required and have the patient, parent and dental team consider it as a positive experience

36
Q

Name 4 things to consider when treating a child

A
  1. Individuals
  2. Relationships
  3. Dental visit
  4. Potential problems
37
Q

What individuals are involved during a child’s visit to a dental surgery?

A
  1. Child
  2. Parent
  3. Dentist
  4. Dental nurses
38
Q

Why are parents important during a child’s visit to the dentist?

A
  • Decide when to bring child to the dentist, where they go
  • Decide what food children eat
  • Part of the preventive regime
  • Required to give consent for the child
39
Q

Describe how the dentist and dental team are important during a child’s visit to the dentist

A
  • Should be able to put young patients and parents at easy
  • Show interest in problems and communicate effectively
  • First impressions are very important
40
Q

Name 5 ways the parent-child relationship can have implications for dentistry

A
  1. Parental perceptions are passed to child
  2. Attitudes to dental health
  3. Dietary habits
  4. Overprotective parents
  5. Parental anxiety is passed to the child
41
Q

Name 5 ways to assess the child and parent attitudes to dental care

A
  1. Past dental history
  2. Previous extractions and GA
  3. Acceptance of oral health advice
  4. Attendance for treatment
  5. Compliance with oral hygeine regime
42
Q

Describe the key components of parent management during a child’s visit to the surgery

A
  • Keep parents informed
  • Never deny parent access to the child
  • Be prepared to separate child from the parent to discuss sensitive issues
43
Q

Name 4 potential problems parents throw up during a child’s visit

A
  1. Repeating orders
  2. Answering for the child
  3. Attentions divided
  4. Interferes with dentist-patient relationship
44
Q

Name 4 classifications of co-operation

A
  1. Pre-cooperative
  2. Potentially cooperative
  3. Cooperative
  4. Lacking cooperative ability
45
Q

What is pre-cooperation?

A

A child which cannot cooperate due to age

46
Q

What is potentially cooperative?

A

A child who is not currently cooperating but has the potential to cooperate

47
Q

What is lacking cooperative ability?

A

A child which some sort of impairment which prevents cooperation e.g hearing impairments

48
Q

What are 2 ways to promote positive behaviour?

A
  1. Positive verbal and non verbal communication
    Show interest in child
    Give well state instructions
    Communicate on child level
  2. Realistic and achievable treatment goals
49
Q

Name 5 warning signs during a child’s visit

A
  1. Persistent rinsing, coughing or spitting out
  2. Mouth closing and fidgeting
  3. Blunt refusal to co-operate
  4. Tears
  5. Feeling sick or pain

Paediatrics (12 decks)

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