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Year2 Repro exam I > Phys review, michels > Flashcards

Phys review, michels Flashcards

1
Q

when the corpus luteum sheds what happens to E and P levels? pituitary?

A

E and P drop

pituitary then increases FSH

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2
Q

increasing FSH stimulates what response in menstrual cycle

A

recruits large antral follicles to grow and they begin to secrete low amounts of E and inhibin

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3
Q

How do E and inhibin affect FSH

A

negative feedback

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4
Q

what occurs with declining FSH levels

A

atresia of all but 1 follicle that will now secrete high levels E

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5
Q

how does high E affect gonadotrophs

A

LH and some FSH surgres

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6
Q

LH surge causes what

A

metabolic maturation, ovulation, leutinization

corpus luteum now makes high P and some E and inhibin

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7
Q

response to high P and E and inhibin levels

A

negative feedback to LH and FSH returning to basal levels

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8
Q

if LH levels remain at basal level what will happen to corpus luteum

A

will die

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9
Q

3 stages of follicular development

A

initiation and gonadotropin independent phase
basal growth phase
rapid growth phase

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10
Q

what follicles are not dependent on pituitary gland

A

primordial, and primary

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11
Q

how many days is the rapid growth phase from large antral to dominant follicle

A

14 days

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12
Q

hormone producing cells

A

theca cells

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13
Q

what cells form corpus luteum

A

mural granulosa cells and theca cells

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14
Q

before ovulation what phase does the primary oocyte undergo

A

from prophase I to arrest in metaphase II

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15
Q

when does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis

A

at fertilization

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16
Q

at follicular phase what does GnRH do

A

pulsatile to stimulate LH act on theca cells and FSH act on granulosa cells

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17
Q

at end of follicular phase why is there LH surge

A

high levels E gives + feedback

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18
Q

what happens to theca cells and granulosa cells in luteal phase

A

theca still respond to LH
granulosa now respond to FSH AND LH
both types cells become luteal cells that secrete P and E

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19
Q

feedback from E and P in luteal phase

A

negative feedback

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20
Q

what are corpus albican

A

scar tissue in ovary form recent regression of corpus luteum

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21
Q

what are the parts of fallopian tube

A

infundibulum is opening
ampulla- fertilization takes place
isthmus
intramural segment (proximal)

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22
Q

estrogen effects on oviduct

A 
increase endosalpinx epithelial size
increase blood flow
increase glycoproteins
increase ciliogenesis
increase mucus and muscular tone
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23
Q

progesterone effects on oviducts

A

dec epithelial size
dec mucus
relax muscular tone
deciliation

24
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A

menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase

25
Q

LH surge corresponds to what event

A

ovulation

26
Q

effects of E on cervical mucus

A

stimulates production of thin watery alkaline mucus

27
Q

effects of P on cervical mucus

A

stimulates production of scant viscous, slightly acidic mucus

28
Q

E effecs on bone

A

closure of epiphyseal plates

anabolic and calcitropic hormone

29
Q

E effects on liver

A

increase LDL R and HDL levels, cortisol binding protein, thyroid hormone binding protein and sex hormone binding protein

30
Q

CV effects of E

A

E cause vasodilation through NO synthesis

31
Q

what does E bind to

A

majoirty sex hormone binding protein

also albumin

32
Q

P binds to what

A

cortisol binding protein and albumin

33
Q

how many days after ovulation dose hCG increase in pregnancy

A

10 days

34
Q

duration of pregnancy is counted from what start date

A

date of last menstual cycle

35
Q

how many weeks is a pregnancy counted from ovulation

A

38 weeks

36
Q

main hormone in 1st trimester

A

hCG which rescues corpus luteum and stimulates corpus luteal production of estrogen and progesterone

37
Q

main hormone in 2nd and 3rd trimesters

A

P and E under control of placenta

38
Q

what are limits of placenta in hormone production

A

cannot make adequate cholesterol

lacks enzymes for estrone and estradiol and estriol

39
Q

what does the mother contribute to placenta for hormone synthesis

A

LDL cholesterol

40
Q

what does the fetus contribute to placenta for hormone synthesis

A

enzymes to make estriol

enzymes are in adrenal glands and liver

41
Q

what is HPL

A

human placental lactogen

similar to GH and PRL

42
Q

what hormone is directly proportional to size of placenta

A

human placental lactogen

43
Q

effects of hPL

A

diabetogenic (antagonist to insulin)
increase glucose availability for fetus
simulates mammary growth and development

44
Q

what happens to pituiatry in pregnancy

A

doubles in size

ADH set point is lowered

45
Q

what happens to adrenal gland in pregnancy

A

cortisol and aldosterone levels increase

E stimulates RAAS

46
Q

thyroid changes in pregnangcy

A

total T4 and T3 increase but free T4 normal

TSH decrease in first trimester

47
Q

CV changes in pregnancy

A

icnreased volume
dec peripheral R
increase SV, HR, CO and contractility

48
Q

Resp changes in pregnancy

A

increase minute and tidal volume
dec PCO2, dec FRC, dec IRV
respiratory alkalosis

49
Q

renal changes in pregnancy

A

increase ADH, renin, ANG II, aldosterone, GFR

50
Q

stages of labor

A

strong uterine contractions
delivery of fetus
delivery of placenta

51
Q

what hormones initiate parturition

A

placental CRH
E
oxytocin
PGs

52
Q

PRL levels during breast feeding

A

pulsatile

53
Q

what releases oxytocin

A

pars nervosa

54
Q

how come women who are breast feeding don’t ovulate

A

the increased prolactin levels neg feedback to the parvicellular cells which decrease GnRH which dec LH and FSH production so amenorrhea

55
Q

roles of oxytocin

A

milk letdown but also limits bleeding during partuition

Year2 Repro exam I (19 decks)

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