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EndoRepro Final > PHYS: Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

PHYS: Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 things that happen to girls during puberty?

A
  1. Thelarche (breast development)
  2. Adrencarche (Increase in androgen secretion)
  3. Menarche (period)
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2
Q

What are early antral follicles dependent on for normal growth to become bigger?

A

FSH

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3
Q

What follicle becomes the dominant follicle?

A

The largest follicle w/ the most FSH receptors

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4
Q

What causes the dominant follicle to rupture and form a corpus luteum from the remaining thecal cells + mural granulosa cells?

A

LH surge

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5
Q

What is it called, when before ovulation the follicle presses against the wall of an overy to form a buldge?

A

stigma

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6
Q

What does the oocyte release in response to the LH surge?

A

TGF-beta - related factor GDF9

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7
Q

What stimulates cumulus cells to secrete hyaluronic acid, which makes the oocyte complex expand, allowing sperm to find it easier?

A

GDF9

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8
Q

Development of an _______ marks gonadotropin dependency!

A

Antrum

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9
Q

How long does the corpus luteum live for?

A

14 days

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10
Q

When would the corpus luteum live for longer than 14 days?

A

If it gets rescued by hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in the case of an implanting embryo!

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11
Q

How long does the corpus luteum remain for during pregancy?

A

During the whole pregnancy!

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12
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

A process that happens all the time, demise of an ovarian follicle. Where granulosa cells and oocytes undergo apoptosis. Theca cells persist tho, and repopulate the cellular stroma of the ovary.

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What triggers the LH surge, leading to ovulation?

A

Rapid rise in estradiol

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15
Q

LH –> ______ cell –> ________ (hormone)

A

LH –> theca cells –> progestins + androgens (go to granulosa cell)

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16
Q

FSH –> ____ cell –> _____ (hormone)

A

FSH –> Granulosa cell –> estrogens –> activin + inhibin

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17
Q

What specifically triggers the release of gonadotropin?

A

GnRH binds to G protein –> PKC –> Ca 2+ triggers exocytosis

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18
Q

Theca cells have ____ receptors.

A

LH

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19
Q

Granulosa cells have ______ + ______ receptors.

A

LH + FSH

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20
Q

What do inhibins do?

A

Inhibit FSH

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21
Q

What do activins do?

A

Stimulate FSH release from pituitary cells

22
Q

What is the main form of estrogen?

A

Estradiol-17-beta

23
Q

After the estradiol levels reach a certain threshold for 2 days, then a switch to positive feedback triggers the _______.

A

LH surge

24
Q

As the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle begins, what hormones drop off?

A

LH and FSH (gonadotropin levels decrease through (-) feedback)

25
Q

When do you start you period?

A

After the 14 day ovulation window (luteal phase)

26
Q

During the follicular phase, what is the major product of the follicle?

A

Estradiol –> cause you want it to trigger the LH surge!

27
Q

In the granulosa cell, what enzymes are absent?

A

17 alpha hydroxylase and 12,20 desmolase (CYP19)

28
Q

What enzyme is absent in the theca cell?

A

Aromatase

29
Q

In the luteal phase, what is the major product of the corpus luteum?

A

Progestins

30
Q

What day does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

31
Q

What lowers basal body temp?

A

Increased estrogen (why females are always colder)

32
Q

In what phase, follicular or luteal is BBT increased?

A

BBT is higher during the luteal phase, because there is less estrogen and more progesterone which increases BBT

33
Q

What increases BBT?

A

Progesterone (released by corpus luteum after ovulation)

34
Q

What are the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual Phase
  2. Proliferative Phase
  3. Secretory Phase
35
Q

What is the menstrual phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

If the oocyte was not fertilized, then no pregnancy and estrogen + progesterone drop –> causes corpus luteum to die –> endometrium degenerates –> period (equals day 1 of menstrual cycle)

36
Q

After your period, when is the endometrium restored?

A

Day 5ish

37
Q

What happens in the secretory phase and what mediates all its changes?

A

Progesterone

Endometrium becomes more vascularized.

Progesterone promotes the differentiation of stromal cells into predecidual cells –> which form the decidua of pregnancy or period if not

38
Q

What is the net effect of birth control pills?

A

They inhibit (decrease) LH + FSH –> so they can’t stimulate folliculogenesis and low LH means no LH surge, so therefore ovulation is inhibited

NO BABY TODAY!

39
Q

How do birth control pills work?

A

The contraceptive steroids produce a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. If you already have a lot of estrogen or progesterone, you won’t make any more.

* remember, you need LH AND FSH to make estrogen, so that why progesterone only pills are okay. But, it has a higher failure rate than the combined pill *

40
Q

What is the progestin effect of birth control?

A

It causes the cervical mucous to thicken and become sticky, inhibiting sperm penetration into the uterus.

41
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Loss of > 80 mL of blood

42
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

painful periods

43
Q

What is oligomenorrhea?

A

Existence of few, irregular periods

44
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

no periods

45
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Tissue that normally grows inside the uterus grows outside it. It is a very painful disorder, that can cause painful sex, pelvic pain, infertility, cramps

46
Q

What hormones are elevated in polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

LF, Testosterone, DHEA (androgens)

(FSH decreased)

47
Q

What causes polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Dominant follicles that were supposed to be released never were. It is the most common cause of infertility in females. Happens when younger usually.

Symptoms = no period + hyperandrogenism (facial hair)

48
Q

What is turner syndrome?

A

Most common cause of congenital hypogonadism. (no second X chromosome. So, genitalia is female.

Causes primary hypogonadism –> germ cells do not develop and each gonad consists of a connective tissue filled streak.

Ovarian failure –> elevated FSH

49
Q

What causes menopause?

A

There is no longer negative feedback of LH and FSH —> therefore, LH and FSH are high

Occurs around age 50

50
Q

Sympoms of menopause

A

EndoRepro Final (14 decks)

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