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EndoRepro Final > Embryo: Placenta + fetal membrane > Flashcards

Embryo: Placenta + fetal membrane Flashcards

1
Q

What does the trophoblast give rise to?

A

Cytotrophoblast + Syncytiotrophoblast

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2
Q

Primordial germ cells are made of?

A

Epiblast

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3
Q

During week 2, the epiblast (coming from the inner cell mass) gives rise to?

A

Amnion + Amniotic cavity

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4
Q

When does the decidua reaction occur?

A

During week 2

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5
Q

What is the decidua reaction?

A

changes of the endometrium that provide:

  1. Nutrients
  2. Immune Priviled site (so that imune cells don’t attack the “foregin” embryo)
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6
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm come from?

A

Hypoblast (in week 2)

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7
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm (that covers the trophoblast) form?

A
  1. connecting stalk –> umbilical cord
  2. chorion –> cytotrophoblast + syncytiotrophoblast
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8
Q

In week 2, where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampulla

(egg goes from ovary –> oviduct –> uterus)

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9
Q

What causes a hydatidiform mole?

A

Abnormal trophoblastic proliferation

Excessive amounts of hCG produced

  1. Complete mole = fertilization of empty oocyte + 2 sperm
  2. Partial mole = fertilization of normal oocyte by 2 sperm
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10
Q

What are the symptoms of a hydatidiform mole?

A

vaginal bleeding

enlarged uterus

hyperemesis gravidarum (severe nausea + vomiting)

*if mole is not treated –> can turn malignant*

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11
Q

What forms the fetal part of the placenta?

A

Chorionic sac + amnion

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12
Q

What forms the maternal part of the placenta?

A

Decidua basalis + Decidua capsularis

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13
Q

What are the sources of amniotic fluid?

A

**Fetal urine

Maternal blood

Amnion

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14
Q

What is the composition of amniotic fluid?

A

Particulates (cells)

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15
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

Cushion against injury

Maintains temperature (if mom has a fever)

Ease of movement

Can sample for diagnosis of lung + GI development

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16
Q

What causes oligohydramnios (decreased amniotic fluid)?

A

Renal agenesis (can’t produce fetal urine)

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17
Q

What causes polyhydramnios (increased amniotic fluid)?

A

Maternal diabetes

Multifetal gestations (twins, etc.)

Anencephaly (lacking brain)

Esophageal atresia

Hypoplastic lungs

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18
Q

What is amniotic band syndrome?

A

When the amniotic membrane forms a band, and it wraps around the fetus. This can cause amputation sometimes!

It is caused by exogenous (trauma) or endogenous things.

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19
Q

The chorion is comprised of what 3 things?

A
  1. Extraembryonic somatopleure
  2. Cytotrophoblast
  3. Syncytiotrophoblast

*It gives rise to the chorionic villi for nutrient/gas exchange*

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20
Q

What is the function of the chorionic villi?

A

They have an intervillous space (lacuna) that is anchored at the top to the cytotrophoblastic shell. The intervillous space fills with maternal blood, and it is there that gas and nutrient exchange occurs between the fetus and mom.

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21
Q

What is the decidua?

A

The endometrium of the uterus

22
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Muscular layer of the uterus

23
Q

The decidua basalis is _____ to the conceptus.

A

deep

24
Q

The decidua capsularis is ____ to the conceptus.

conceptus = embryo in uterus

A

superficial

25
Q

What does decidua capsularis do as the fetus grows?

A

degenerates

26
Q

When does the placenta start to form?

A

20 weeks

27
Q

What is the early placenta made of?

A

syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, endothelium of fetal capillaries

28
Q

What is the late placenta made of?

A

Just syncytiotrophoblast (cyto degenerates)

29
Q

Placenta histo

A
30
Q

What is this?

A

Early placenta

cyto + syncytiotrophoblast

(2 layers surround cell)

31
Q

What is this?

A

Late Placenta

one layer (syn)

32
Q

What is this?

A

Full term placenta

(each circle = one chorionic villus)

If you see clumps of cells –> those are cytotrophoblastic knots

33
Q

Mature Placenta

A
34
Q

Which side of the placenta is this?

A

Maternal side

35
Q

What side of the placenta is this?

A

Fetal side

Amnion = shiny

+ umbilical cord

36
Q

What is this?

A

Placenta

(amniotic surface on top & maternal surface on bottom)

37
Q

What is placenta accreta?

A

Adherence of chorionic villi to myometrium

38
Q

What is placenta increta?

A

Chorionic villi penetrate into the myometrium

39
Q

What is placenta percreta?

A

Chorionic villi penetrate through the myometrium to uterine serosa or adjacent organs

40
Q

What are some placenta abnormalities?

A
41
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

Vaginal bleeding beyond 20 weeks gestation

42
Q

What is super important when dealing with placenta previa?

A

You should NEVER do a digital vaginal exam because if you palpate the placenta you could causea severe hemorrhage

43
Q

What does and does not cross the placenta?

A
44
Q

What causes hemolytic disease of a newborn?

A

Maternal IgG antibodies are attacking the red blood cells of the fetus.

This causes hyperbilirubinemia/anemia, edema

Happens in baby #2 w/ incorrect Rh factor (mom & baby Rh don’t match)

45
Q

What is the allontois? What does it become?

A

Template for umbilicus arteries (2) + vein (1)

Becomes the urachus

46
Q

The allontois comes from?

A

ectoderm (epiblast)

47
Q

What is associated with only having one umbilical artery?

A

cardiovasuclar defects (15-20%)

so always look at heart if you see this!

48
Q

What is the most common set of monozygotic twins?

A

75% = 2A, 2C, 2P

split @ week 1

49
Q

If identical twins are split before week one (from one cell into 2) what do they have? (25% of cases)

A

2 amnion

2 chorion

2 placenta

50
Q

What do dizygotic twins have?

A

They are always made out of 2 separate cells!

2A, 2C, 2P

51
Q

What do conjoined twins have and where do they split?

A

They split late, at the primitive streak

1A, 1C, 1P

52
Q

If dizygotic twins split at week 2 (rare) what do they have?

A

1 A, 1 C, 1 P

EndoRepro Final (14 decks)

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