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EndoRepro Final > Embryo: Development of Genital System > Flashcards

Embryo: Development of Genital System Flashcards

1
Q

Nephrogenic cord forms what?

A

The nephrogenic cord gives rise to male internal genitalia

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2
Q

Nephrogenic cord, Mesopnephric duct, and urogenital ridge are all classified as?

A

Intermediate Mesoderm

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3
Q

Paramesonephric duct gives rise to ________.

A

Female internal genitalia

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4
Q

The allantois/yolk sc is classified as ______.

A

endoderm

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5
Q

The germ cells: sertoli cells and follicle cells come from _______.

A

Ceolomic epithelium

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6
Q

The germ cells: thecal + interstitial (leydig) cells come from:

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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7
Q

Primodial germ cells come from ______ during the _____ week.

A

epiblast

2nd week

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8
Q

Why is it so important the mom stay healthy through her pregnancy?

A

She can affect not only her baby, but her babies grandchildren (via germ cells).

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9
Q

of egg cells during a womens lifetime: (oogonia)

5th prenatal month:

birth:

puberty:

A

6 million (6x10^6)

1 million (1 x 10^6)

40,000

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10
Q

How many eggs are released during a womens lifetime?

A

400

The older a women gets (eggs standing around for longer, more likely to develop chromosomal abnormalities in the eggs –> and baby)

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11
Q

What determines if you are a male or female?

A

SRY: Sex Determining Region Y human gene

SRY is a switch that controls genes present in both males and females.

*Your phenotype (what you look like, is determined by hormones)*

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12
Q

Can you name all the steps in the male SRY pathway?

A
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13
Q

Can you name all the steps in the female SRY pathway?

A
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14
Q

What causes internal female genitalia

A

No AMH so paramesonephric ducts persist

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15
Q

What causes male internal genitalia?

A

testosterone allows mesonephric ducts to persist

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16
Q

What degenerates in males?

A

paramesonephric ducts

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17
Q

what degenrates in females?

A

mesonephric ducts

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18
Q

What hapens in ovotesticular DSD?

A

The person can look like either a girl or boy, becuase they have both testicular and ovarian tissue. But their external genitalia is ambiguous.

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19
Q

What causes 46,XX DSD + symptoms?

A

Caused by excessive exposure of a female fetus to androgens.

Ovaries present, but external genitalia is masculinized (clitoral hypertrophy, partial fusion of labia majora –> like scrotum, persistent uorgenital sinus.

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20
Q

What is common in 46,XX DSD?

A

CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

Deficiency in 21-Hydroxylase –> causes a reduction in cortisol and excess production of androgens

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21
Q

What causes 46,XY DSD + symptoms?

A

It is caused by not producing enough testosterone/AMH.

Therfore, testis dont develop well and para mesonephric ducts might not degenerate.

External genitalia = female/ambigious

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22
Q

What is a subtype of 46, XY DSD?

A

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

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23
Q

What causes Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

A

The genes are male, but the cells are not responding to testosterone.

Everything appears to be female (female external genitalia, blind end vagina, absent uterus, normal breast development) but no period.

24
Q

What happens if there is no AMH?

A

Paramesonephric ducts persist and so you would develop both male + female internal genitalia and male external genitalia

25
Q

What would happen if you had a 5 alpha - reductase deficiency (inability to convert testosterone into DHT?

A

You would have internal male genitalia, but external genitalia would be ambiguous.

26
Q

What week does the indifferent stage occur?

A

5th week

27
Q

What week do the primordial germ cells invade the gonadal ridges?

A

6th week

28
Q

What do the testis come from?

A

Coelomic epithelium

29
Q

What does the tunica albuginea come from?

A

IM

30
Q

What does the ovary come from?

A

CE

31
Q

What do mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts eventually become?

A

Part of 2nd kidney

32
Q

In males, which cells produce AMH? which cells produce testosterone?

A

Sertoli –> AMH

Leydig –> testosterone

33
Q

What are two remnants of paramesonephric ducts?

A

Utriculus prostaticus

Appendix testis

34
Q

What does the bladder come from?

A

Urogenital sinus (endoderm)

35
Q

What does the uterovaginal primordium give rise to?

A

uterus + vagina

36
Q

In females, what are the remnants of the mesonephric ducts?

A

epoophoron + paroophoron

37
Q

In the paramesonephric ducts, what is cranial and what is caudal?

A

cranial = uterine tubes

caudal = uterovaginal primordium

38
Q

What is the pathway for differentiation of the uterus + vagina?

A

uterovaginal primordium (fused paramesonephric ducts) –> contact urogenital sinus –> forms sinus tubercle –> sinovaginal bulbs –> vaginal plate –> proliferates and breaks down (hollows out) –> form lumen of vagina

39
Q

What is the top 1/3 of the vagina made of?

A

IM

40
Q

What is the bottom 1/3 of the vagina + hymen made of?

A

hindgut endoderm

41
Q

What causes a uterus didelphys w/ double vagina?

A

Paramesonephric ducts didn’t fuse (2 vaginas)

42
Q

What causes uterus arcuatus/bicornis?

A

Paramesonephric ducts did not fuse completely (one vagina, 2 uterus’s?)

43
Q

What causes uterus bicornis unicolis 1 rudementary horn?

A

Paramesonephric duct atrophies/degenerated

44
Q

What causes cervical atresia?

A

Atrophy of paramesonephric ducts in most caudal region

45
Q

What causes vaginal atresia?

A

No sino-vaginal bulbs formed or atrophy of vaginal plate

46
Q

The prostate + bulbourethral glands =

A

urogenital sius endoderm

47
Q

External genitalia is classified as?

A

ectoderm

48
Q

Male external genitalia (under influence of DHT) =

A

genital tubercle (glans penis), urethral folds(urethra), labioscrotal swellings(scrotum)

49
Q

Female external genitalia (under influence of estrogen) =

A

genital tubercel (glans clitoris), urethral folds (labia minora), labioscrotal swellings (labium majus, mons pubis)

50
Q

The spongy urethra (endoderm) touches the external urethral orifice (ectoderm) to form the navicular fossa.

A
51
Q

What is hypospadias + its 3 types?

A

*ventral side*

  1. Glandular –> Incomplete fsion of urethral folds or urogenital fossa
  2. Penile –> Incomplete closure of urethral/urogenital folds on shaft
  3. Penoscrotal –> Lack of fusion between labial scrotal swellings
52
Q

What is epispadias?

A

*dorsal side*

Improper location of genital tubercles to cloacal membrane

Associated w/ estrophy of the bladder

53
Q

What forms the ovarian ligament?

A

Cranial part of gubernaculum

54
Q

What forms the round ligament?

A

Caudal part of gubernaculum

55
Q

What forms the broad ligament?

A

Fusion of paramesonephric ducts

56
Q

The sspensory L + ovarian L. (ovary) and round L. + broad L. (uterus) are?

A

IM

57
Q

memorize

A

EndoRepro Final (14 decks)

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