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EndoRepro Final > PHYS: Fertilization + Inplantation > Flashcards

PHYS: Fertilization + Inplantation Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization

A
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2
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

The ampulla of the oviduct

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3
Q

Transport of gametes

A
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4
Q

How does estrogen help w/ sperm transport?

A
  1. It causes the cervix to produce a watery mucous (which forms channels to aid the sperm though the cervix barrier)
  2. It causes contractions of the myometrium to help propel sperm

*orgasm = more likely ot get pregnant*

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5
Q

What is capacitation?

A

An event that modifies the spermatozoan so that it can become capable to fertilizing an egg (via the acrosome reaction)

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6
Q

What 3 barriers does the sperm have to breach in order to accomplish fertilization?

A
  1. corona radiata
  2. zona pellucida
  3. plasma membrane of egg
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7
Q

What are the changes that happen during capacitation?

A
  • Removal of stuff that would block binding to an egg (glycoproteins)
  • cholesterol is lost from the sperm
  • sperm permeablity to calcium now –> acrosome reaction –> increases sperm motility
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8
Q

What interaction happens when the sperm head passes the follicular cells and attaches to the zona pellucida?

A

Sperm-ZP3 (glycoprotein) interaction

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9
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

Increased calcium inside the sperm triggers fusion of the membranes and causes the sperm to exocytose its contents into the egg

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10
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

It starts when calcium increases within the egg, and causes a massive exocytosis of cortical granules, which cause the zona pellucida to harden, preventing polyspermy

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11
Q

When the chromosomes mingle what does this mean?

A

It represents the end of fertilization and the beginning of embryonic developmet.

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12
Q

Where does implantation occur?

A

within the lumina of the oviduct and uterus

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13
Q

When does implantation in uterus occur?

A

6-7 days after ovulation

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14
Q

What are the stages of implantation?

A

Fertilization

2-cell stage

4-cell stage

16- cell Morula (day 3)

blastocyst (day 4-5)

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15
Q

The inner cell mass forms the _______.

A

embryo proper

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16
Q

the inner cell mass is _______.

A

pluripotent

17
Q

Outer cells of the blastocyst become trophoectoderm and form the ___________.

A

Placenta + extra-embryonic tissue

18
Q

What determines the extent of the implantation window?

A

Pinopods (on endometrial cells)

Their development = enhanced by progesterone

19
Q

What secretes substances that facilitate/promote implantation?

A

Blastocyst

20
Q

What does the blastocyst secrete?

A

hCG

Immunosuppresive agents

21
Q

What does hCG do?

A

It prevents menstration by sustaining the function of the corpus luteum, signaling the mother’s body that she is pregnant.

It does this by having a high number of LH receptors –> since LH is rapidly falling after surge

hCG is an autocrine growth factor that promotes trophoblast growth and placental development

22
Q

hCG is secreted from what?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

23
Q

When is implantation initiated?

A

When the blastocyst comes into contact with the uterine wall

24
Q

During implantation the trophoblasts (outside of blastocyst) differentiate into what?

A
  1. cytotrophoblats (inner cell layer)
  2. syncytiotrophoblasts (outer layer)
25
Q

What is the function of syncytiotrophoblasts?

A
  1. secret hCG @ onset of implantation
  2. Make progesterone to maintain pregnancy independent of corpus luteum
26
Q

What is “hatching” of the blastocyst?

A

Before the initiation of implantation, the blastocyst needs to get rid of its zona pellucida.

It does this via lytic factors in the endometrial cavity which dissolve the zona pellucida (ex. plasmin)

27
Q

What are the 3 stages of implantation?

A
  1. Apposition
  2. Adhesion
  3. Invasion
28
Q

What is implantation apposition?

A

Earliest contact between blastocyst wall, trophoectoderm, endometrial epithelium

29
Q

What is implantation adhesion?

A

Trophoblast attaches to uterine epithelium via ligand-receptor interactions

30
Q

What is implantation invasion?

A

Further attachment of the blastocyst in the endometrium.

31
Q

What is decidualization?

A

Response of maternal cells (stromal cells) to progesterone

The endometrial stroma are transformed into enlarged and glycogen filled decidual cells –> used for energy to sustain embryo life

The endometrium is now called decidua and it is ready for the implantation of the embryo and inhibits migration of this embryo

32
Q
A

EndoRepro Final (14 decks)

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