Phys Dys midterm

Question 1

Modified Ashworth Scale

definition

Answer 1

This clinical measure of muscle spasticity uses an ordinal scale that ranges from 0 (noincrease in tone) to 5 (rigid)

Question 2

AMPS
purpose
population
procedure

Answer 2

Assesment of motor and process skills

Purpose:This instrument is designed to measure the quality of performance in basic and instrumental activities of daily living, to assist in planning intervention, and to compare with reevaluation results to determine the success of intervention.

Population:Children over the developmental age of 3 years, adolescents, adults, and older persons for whom ADL task performance is a concern

A trained examiner evaluates the quality of ADL/instrumental ADL (IADL)performance, which is assessed by rating effort, efficiency, safety, and independence in 16 motor (e.g.,walk, reach, lift, transport) and 20 process (e.g. choose, use, sequence, accommodate) skill items.

Question 3

Box and block test

Answer 3

Purpose:This test assesses unilateral gross manual dexterity in adults and children to determine functional levels of the upper extremity in people with disability compared with those without disability.

Population:Adults age 20 to 75 and older, with or without disabilities;

Description:Beginning with the dominant hand, the subject is instructed to quickly move blocks from one side of the box to the other, placing them after passing over the center divider. After a 15-second trial, the subject is allowed 1 minute for transferring blocks

Question 4

Nine hole peg test

Answer 4

Purpose:This tool is used to measure unilateral finger dexterity to determine the extent of fine motor impairment in people experiencing difficulties with functional performance.

Population:Children and adolescents age 4 to 19 (sample consisted of 406 subjects); adults age 20 to 94

Description: With pegboard in position, pegs are placed off to the side being assessed, in close proximity to the board.The subject is read standardized instructions (Mathiowetz et al., 1985) toput pegs into the board as quickly as possible and then remove them.Time is recorded in seconds.

Question 5

LOTCA

6 domains

Answer 5

lowenstein occupational therapy cognitive assesment

Purpose:The LOTCA was developed to detect cognitive impairment, establish a baseline, and identify people needing a detailed assessment of cognitive functioning.The LOTCA-G is a version of the LOTCA designed for older adults.

Population:Adults with acquired brain injury including stroke and progressive neurological conditions, including dementia

6 subscales grouped into six domains: Orientation,Visual Perception, Spatial Perception, Praxis, Visual motor Organization, and Thinking Operations.

Question 6

Bedside swallowing assesment

Answer 6

To provide data useful in diagnosis and treatment planning

Establishes if dysphagia is present: Is there likelihood that dysphagia exists?
Evaluates and determines severity: Does the patient requires referral for further swallowing assessment

Question 7

Sensory testing

11 assesments

Answer 7

pain discrimination  (sharp and dull) 
2 point discrimination
light touch
temperature (hot and cold)
stereognosis test cortical sensory functions extroceptive and proprioceptive input should be intact 
Grasphethesia- with eyes close identify letters and number written on the skin
Joint position in space
kinesthesia
Topognosis
Double simultaneous testing
deep pressure

Question 8

Finger to nose test

Answer 8

Used to test for cerebellar disease deficits in balance, coordination, muscle tone

Question 9

Diadochokinesia test

Answer 9

alternating or rapid movement in both extremities to asses motor function.

Population: individuals with cerebellar lesions, used for individuals with speech disorder

Question 10

Volitional movement

Answer 10

test to select, plan, and initiate motor movement

Population individuals with praxis defecits
apraxia, dyspraxia and difficult motor sequencing

Question 11

Primary visual screening

2 main test

Answer 11

A visual field test is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision which may be caused by various medical conditions such as glaucoma, stroke, brain tumours or other neurological deficits.

Visual discrimination-test of visual perceptual
accuracy can your eyes follow specific movements of fingers in shapes, number, switching eye movements from one hand to another

Question 12

edema assesment

Answer 12

pitting edema

test indentation when finger is pressed to skin
no indentation
slight indentation
deep indentation
indentation of 30 seconds or more

Question 13

The motor system is part of what system? it is involved in what? and consist of what?

Answer 13

The motor system is the part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement. It consists of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal system.

Question 14

The sensory system is part of what system and consist of what?

Answer 14

The sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception

Question 15

What is the motor pathway called?

Where are the upper and lower motor neurons located?

Answer 15

The motor pathway also called pyramidal tract or the corticospinal tract start in the motor center of the cerebral cortex. There are upper and lower motor neurons in the corticospinal tract.

Question 16

Where do motor impulses come from?

How does the origin of the motor system affect how we see movement?

Answer 16

The motor impulses originates in the Giant pyramidal cells or Betz cells of the motor area i.e precentral gyrus of cerebral cortex.

Question 17

This system is responsible for what?

Commonly recognized sensory systems are what?

Answer 17

responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception

Question 18

The sematomotor sensory system is what?

In general sensory systems are what

Answer 18

Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, somatic sensation (touch), taste and olfaction (smell). In short, senses are transducers from the physical world to the realm of the mind.

Question 19

Reflex theory

Answer 19

Reflexes work together or in sequence to achieve a common purpose

With the whole CNS intact, the reaction of various parts of that system, the simple reflexes combined into greater actions that constitute the behavior of the individuals as a whole

Question 20

Hierarchial theory

Hierarchial models 4

Answer 20

Organizations control that is top down. That is, each successively higher level exerts control over the level below it.

Neurodevelopmental
Rood
PNF
Movement therapy

Question 21

Neurodevelopmental

Assumptions and principles

Evaluation

Answer 21

Strives to appropriately and adequately stress the CNS and muscular systems such that an individual creates, maintains, and reinforces the sensorimotor pathways to enable efficient motor control in their desired environment

Assumption and principles
Normalization of postural tone (prereq for movement)
Postural reactions are considered the basis for control of movement
Normalization of movement patterns
Integration of both sides of the body
Establishment of wt-bearing and wt- shifting through the limbs
Inhibit abnormal tone

Enaluation
Observes of axial alignment, posture and trunk control
Evaluates of abnormal tone
Evaluates reactions to situations, balance and movements equilibrium and rightiing reactions

Question 22

Rood

Answer 22

Believes that sensory stimuli can facilitate an adaptive motor response. Stimuli must be goal-oriented

Assumptions
Controlled sensory stimuli will illicit a motor response
Activity demand is purposeful and goal directed
Facilitation and inhibitory techniques can change tone

Evaluation
Asses muscle tone
sensory system
determine the level of motor control

Question 23

PNF

Answer 23

A multi sensory approach that uses proprioceptive input and movement in diagonal patterns to facilitate functional movement.

Assumptions
Neuromuscular mechanisms can be hastened through stimulation of proprioceptors
The human system moves in diagonal patterns (D1 and D2)
Frequency of stimulation and repetitive activity is used to promote and retain motor learning

Evaluation
Developmental sequence
 vital functions
Head and neck patterns
Developmental postures

Question 24

Movement therapy

Brunnstrum theory

Answer 24

Believes that the recovery process post stroke involves the development of synergistic patterns. Focuses on the synergistic patterns of movement

Assumptions
SC and brain stem reflexes become modified and their components rearrange into purposeful movement
Reflexes and primitive movements are used to facilitate recovery of voluntary movement
Movement is elicited by use of associated reactions and tactile stimulation

Evaluation:
Sensory evaluation
Limb classification according to levels of motor recovery
Level of voluntary motor control 
Trunk movement

Question 25

Motor programming theories

Answer 25

Examines the physiology of actions rather than reactions

If we remove the motor response from its stimulus, we are left with a concept of central motor pattern.

Question 26

Motor relearning approaches

Answer 26

assumptions

Training are based on current research and knowledge of the motor behavior
Reject assumptions of the reflex-hierarchical model
Includes remediation of client factors and environmental modifications to improve tasks

Question 27

How PEO and CTO Can Work Together

and components of CTO

Answer 27

Occupational therapy focuses on complex dynamic relationships between people, occupations and environments

Task performance emerges from the interaction of multiple systems, including personal and performance contexts

Contemporary approaches to treating motor dysfunction incorporate principles of motor learning during intervention, and focus on remediating motor control in persons with CNS dysfunction

Question 28

Systems of tactile

Protective and discriminative system

Answer 28

Protective Tactile System (spinothalamic system) pain, light touch, vibration, deep pressure, hot and cold
Discriminative Tactile System (medial lemniscal system) stereognosis, localization, finger identification, graphesthesia, position sense, kinesthesia (includes cortical sensory functioning)