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HU Occupational Therapy > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Factors leading to age related damage?

A

-proper nutrition-eating a healthy diet unhealthy foods can lead to disease
-physical fitness- proper physical fitness, getting enough exercise is good for maintaining health
-mental activity-stimulating brain activities such as reading a book instead of watching tv
-strong social relationships
friends
life long alliances
extended family
community membership
-remeber to keep moving

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2
Q

PET scans are usually the same for

A

individuals in their 80s and in their 20s

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3
Q

Degree of neuronal loss, plaques, enzymatic activity ranges from

A

5% to 30%

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4
Q

percentage of what age groups have dementia
65-75
74-85
>85

A

65-75=5%
75-84=20%
>85=50%

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5
Q

Many symptoms of demetia

A

speed of processing decreases:performance small, decreases in memory, perception and language.

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6
Q

what percent of dementia and alzheimers is genetically based

A

50percent

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7
Q

average onset of dementia and alzheimers

A

80’s but could be in 40’s through 60’s

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8
Q

Dementia

Degenerative:what is it?

A

progressive loss of memory and cognitive function

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9
Q

Dementia

related symptoms:

A

depression, disorientation, mood swings, personality changes, loss of bowels and bladder control,decreased concentration and communication

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10
Q

Dementia

when does death occur

A

5-10 years after diagnosis

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11
Q

dementia

indicators

A

difficulty in doing simple task, everyday task, and brain scans

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12
Q

Age related damage contributors

6 contributors

A 
age at onset of damage
physical brain alterations
medical history
genetics
lifespan use of brain
apparent in 50s and 60s pronounced at 70
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13
Q

damage in areas of the brain diencephalon and brainstem

A

substantia niagra and crueles lose neurons:20-40% in healthy seniors, 70% or more due to parkinson’s disease

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14
Q

damage in areas of the brain limbic system

A

hippocampus loses 5% of neurons each decade 50+ about 20% total
however net growth of dendrites occur in 40s and 50s
decreases occur in 80s and 90s neuroplasticity

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15
Q

other general age related damage
-DNA
-Oxidation of cells
Degeneration of Myelin

A 
dna
-damage in cells due to aging
-repair mechanisms become less efficient
-dna in mitochondria becomes defective
oxidation of cells
oxidation of proteins thought to facilitate loss of mental functions
Degeneration of myelin
efficiency of neural communication
speed of processing and movement
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16
Q

autism spectrum disorder, formerly called asperger’s syndrome

A

social communication disorder formerly called extreme male brain

17
Q

differences in male and female brain

wiring?

A

-male brain wired for systematizing
analysis of external world, inanimate objects,build mechanical, governmental gaming systems
-female brain wired for empathy
facial expression, nonverbal communication
foster co-coperation, and group well-being

18
Q

differences in male and female

skill set

A 
-males
mathematical
navigating a route
spatial skills
motor skills
female skills
-perceptual speed
-verbal fluency
-arithmetic calculation
-recalling landmarks from a route
-precision fm skills
-recalling objecs and location
-replacing objects in original location
19
Q

brain anatomical differences men vs women

cortex?
amygdala?
corpus callosum?
areas?

A

men greater parietal lobe math skill
men greater amygdala vs women greater connections with amydala
women greater frontal lobe executive function
women greater corpus callosum- language literal meaning and emotional tone
broca’s/wernickes area-greater in women matures easily

20
Q

in many cases behavior pathology is the result of a neurotransmitter system

antitransmitters
reuptake
down regulation

A

antitransmitter- break down and destroy neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, the postsynaptic neuron can repolarize and fire again
reuptake-the presynaptic terminal can reasorb the neurotransmitter
down regulation-fewer receptor sites on the post synaptic neuron

21
Q

what percent of population experience depression at some point in their lifetime

A

16%

22
Q

incidence of affected

difference decreases after what age

A

2 to 1 men to women affected; differences decreases after age 55

23
Q

factors of depression

A

heredity, physiology, diet, medical

24
Q

neurotransmitters indicated in depression

A

serotonin, dopamine , norepinephrine

25
Q

what is clinical depression

A

marked by a depressed mood most of the day particularly in the morning, and a loss of interest in normal activites or relationships

26
Q

depression symptoms

5 main symptoms

A
  • impaired concentration indecisiveness
  • insomnia and hypersomnia
  • markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities
  • fatigue or loss of energy
  • feelings or worthlessness or guilt
27
Q

depression treatments

5 different treatment and there medications

A
  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors-prozac, paxil, lexapro, celexa, and zoloft
  • norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors-edronax
  • serotonin -norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors-effexor, cymbalta-
  • norepinephrine dopamine reupatake inhibitors-wellbutrin
  • Trycyclics and monamine oxidase inhibitors-
28
Q 
Anxiety disorders
what are they?
what part of brain?
genetic environmental origins?
treatment?
A

panic attack, ptsd, phobias
-excessive fears, worries and distress that interfere with functioning
-amygdala and limbic system
-stressors, trauma, parenting styles
-most affective with focus on pharmacuetical and cognitive behavior intervention
-

29
Q

Addiction risk influence?

A

risk of addiction are influenced by genetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors.

30
Q

addiction process and brain structures

mesolimbic system
activation of?

A

mesolimbic system- encourages repetition of pleasurable behavior for survival
activation of ventral tegmental area-midbrain- action potential signal to the nucleus acumbens in the limbic system.release of dopamine also connections to the frontal cortex, motivation, and pleasure.

31
Q

Tolerance

A

overtime substance no longer provides the same level of pleasure

32
Q

Cravings

A

brain produces intense desire for substance

33
Q

sensitazation

A

during abstinence brain adapts by becoming more sensitized, which results in heightened pleasure and possible relapse

34
Q

primary neural pathway in addiction

primary transmitter

A

ventral tegmental area of the - midbrain projects to frontal cortex

primary transmitter is dopamine

35
Q

drugs of abuse increase

affect the?

A

dopamine levels, affect the mesolimbic reward system with greater intensity and persistence than other pleasurable activities

36
Q

priming

A
  • associate euphoria with people and things involved

- other compulsive behaviors:drugs, gambling, eating disorders, shopping, kleptomania, sex

37
Q

low levels of dopamine =

A

greater risk for substance abuse

38
Q

addiction treatment

A

naltrexone- prevents drug from reaching neurologic target
blocks receptors
methadone-mimics drugs effects to reduce cravings low level receptor opiod activation

39
Q

Areas of the brain involved in pleasure?

A

midbrain, amygdala; connections with hippocampus

HU Occupational Therapy (14 decks)

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