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exam revision > phys > Flashcards

phys Flashcards

1
Q

proportion of plasma filtered

A

20%

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2
Q

which arteriole does Ang II constrict

A

efferent

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3
Q

two parts of autoregulation

A

myogenic response

tubuloglomerular feedback

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4
Q

actions of ang II

A

constrict efferent arteriole

Na reabsorption prox tubule

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5
Q

actions of aldosterone

A

Na reabsorption collecting duct - Na/K ATPase and Na channels

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6
Q

symp actions in kidney

A

constricts afferent arteriole ( bad) so stimulates juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin

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7
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide actions

A

dilates afferent arteriole
decreases Na reabsorption in collecting duct
inhibits secretion of renin

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8
Q

what are granular cells

A

juxtaglomerular cells - renin

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9
Q

reabsorption in kidney tubules

A

Na/K sets up gradient - Na into cells
anions follow electrochemical gradient
water moves by osmosis
rest of solutes follow

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10
Q

SGLUT

A

Na/glucose transporter

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11
Q

stimulators of renin release

A

decreased BP at afferent arteriole
decreased Na delivery to macula densa
symp

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12
Q

vasopressin release due to

A

normally increase in osmolarity

ECF volume if <15% normal

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13
Q

medullary concentration gradient mostly due to

A

Na and urea

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14
Q

compensations for resp acidosis

A

kidney - reabsorb bicarb and secrete H

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15
Q

compensations for metabolic aklalosis (vom)

A

kidney - secrete bicarb

lungs - decrease resp drive

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16
Q

bicarb reabsorption and acid secretion

A

Na/H symporter secretes H into lumen (proportional to blood CO2)
H combine with HCO3- in lumen, converted to CO2 and H2O by carbonic anhydrase on luminal cell surface
CO2 and H2O diffuse into cells, converted back to bicarb and H by carbonic anhydrase –> bicarb reabsorbed and H secreted again

When reabsorbed all bicarb, H in lumen builds up in lumen and excreted
Lumen has min pH of 4.4, after this H needs a carrier
So glutamine is metabolised to ammonium ion and bicarb –> bicarb reabsorbed (creating bicarb) and ammonium ion secreted and binds with H and excreted

If build up of bicarb in lumen bc used up all H, get loss fo bicarb (e.g. metabolic alkalosis)

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17
Q

type A intercalated cell

A

collecting duct - functions in acidosis to pump out H with H/K ATPase

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18
Q

side effect (K) of metabolic acidosis

A

get hyperkalaemia bc type A intercalated cell pumping out H with H/K ATPase so get uptake of K

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19
Q

type B intercalated cell

A

collecting duct - functions in alkalosis to transport out bicarb with bicarb/Cl antiporter

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20
Q

some causes of metabolic acidosis

A

chronic renal failure
chronic diarrhoea
starvation - keto acids (diabetes)

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21
Q

why is creatinine could measure of GFR

A

because constant production, not reabsorbed

little bit remains bound to plasma proteins (so not filtered) but also little bit secreted so these balance out

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22
Q

oliguria

A

decreased urine output

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23
Q

polyuria

A

increased urine output

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24
Q

where do ICC cells lie

A

next to myenteric plexus

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25
Q

what do vagovagal reflexes control

A

vagus - swallowing, acid secretion, stomach and duo contractions

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26
Q

intestino-intestinal reflexes

A

vagal and symp - reflex inhibition of proximal regions when distal regions are distended

27
Q

stimulations of acid secretion

A

ach - symp
HA - ECL cells
gastrin - G cell s

28
Q

what does gastrin stimulate

A

acid secretion

somatostatin secretion from D cells

29
Q

what does somatostatin block

A

parietal cells
ECL cells
G cels

30
Q

where are G cells

A

antrum and duo

31
Q

food and acid entering antrum triggers

A

inhibition of acid secretion in corpus

pacemaker potentials in antrum

32
Q

acid in duo triggers

A
  • D cells to release somatostatin
  • vagal afferents - triggers vago-vagal reflex - brunners glands to release mucous and bicarb, inhibits gastric emptying
  • duodenal-pyloro-antral reflex - closes pylorus and inhibits gastric emptying
33
Q

where is CCK released from

A

I cells

34
Q

what triggers CCK release

A

aas and fatty acids

35
Q

what do aa’s cause secretion fo

A

CCK and secretin

36
Q

where is secretin released from

A

S cells

37
Q

What does CCK trigger

A

gall bladder contractions - bile acid release
enzyme released from pancreas
satiety factor to hypothalamus - directly and via vagus

38
Q

what does sugar trigger the release of

A

GLP-1 and 2

39
Q

what does GLP-1 do

A

Incretin response - insulin release independent of sugar in blood

40
Q

what does secretin trigger

A

bicarb from pancreas

41
Q

what does bicarb do

A

neutralises acid
deactivates pepsin (due to no acid)
stops somatostatin release
removes break on gastric emptying

42
Q

tastants acting on EC cells caue

A

release of 5HT

43
Q

L cells

A

EC cells that express sweet taste Rs

44
Q

where does migrating motor complex go from to

A

antrum to ileo-colic junction

45
Q

major sites of digestion vs absorption

A

digestion - duo and upper jejunum

absorption - rest

46
Q

digestion of polysaccharides

A

salivary (little bit) and pancreatic amylase - alpha 1,4 linkages

47
Q

digestion of oligo and disaccharides

A

brush border enzymes - isomaltase, maltase, sucrase

48
Q

how are maltase and sucrase synthesise d

A

as single glycopeptide, inserted into brush border and separated adn activated by pancreatic proteases

49
Q

glucose absorption

A

tips of villi via SGLT1 w Na

50
Q

fructose absorption

A

GLUT5 into epitheilum and GLUT2 into interstitium

51
Q

locations of pepsiongen I and ii release

A

pepsiongen I - body/corpus (acid secreting regions) II -close to pylorus

52
Q

action of pepsin

A

breaks bonds between aromatic aa and adjacent aa

53
Q

some pancreatic proteases and how are they activated

A

enterokinase cleaves trypsinogen to trypsin

trypsin, elasetase, chymotrypsins

54
Q

brush border proteases

A

aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases

55
Q

how are free aa absorbed into cells

A

by more than 7 transport systems, 5 need Na and 2 need Na and Cl

56
Q

ways to digest proteins

A

pepsin
pancreatic proteases
brush border proteases

57
Q

digestion of lipids

A

lingual lipase - minor
gastric lipase - v minor
pancreatic lipase

58
Q

how is pancreatic lipase activated

A

trypsin activates procolipase to colipase

colipase activates lipase

59
Q

micelles capture

A

FFAs, monoglycerides, cholesterol

60
Q

what is an irregularly irregular pulse

A

atrial fibrillation

61
Q

what are mesothelial cells

A

make up serosa (together with collagen) and secrete serous fluid

62
Q

where are trabeculae carnae

A

RV and LV

63
Q

where are musculi pectinati

A

RA

exam revision (15 decks)

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