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exam revision > histo > Flashcards

histo Flashcards

1
Q

how long do neuts last

blood and tisssue

A

blood - days

tissue - hours

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2
Q

shape of nucleus of monocyte

A

bean

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3
Q

what vit required for collagen formation

A

vit C

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4
Q

collagen I

A

bone tendons ligaments

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5
Q

collagen II

A

cartilage, IVDs

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6
Q

collage III

A

reticulin - delicate support - bone marrow liver

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7
Q

collagen IV

A

BM

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8
Q

collagen VII

A

fibrils that link to BMs

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9
Q

structure of elastin

A

branching fibres, central elastin core with surrounding fibrillin microfibrils

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10
Q

marfan syndrome mutation

A

fibrillin-1

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11
Q

what are collagen and elastin fibres found in to constitute ECM

A

ground substance

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12
Q

two components of ground substance

A

GAGs

Glycoproteins

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13
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

GAGs

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14
Q

what is hyularonic acid

A

a GAG

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15
Q

what are fibronectin, fibrillin, laminin,

A

glycoproteins

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16
Q

difference between GAG and glycoprotien

A

GAG - unbranched polysaccharide

glycoprotein - glycosylated protein

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17
Q

what does ECM constitute of

A

fibres (collagen and elastin) and ground substance

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18
Q

what remodels ECM

A

matrix metalloproteases

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19
Q

where is connective tissue proper

A

surround organs

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20
Q

3 types of specific connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage, adipose

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21
Q

what does basal lamina surround

A

muscle cells, adipocytes, schwann cells

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22
Q

what is mesothelium

A

simple squamous lining body cavity

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23
Q

where is stratified cuboidal

A

pancreas, salivary gland

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24
Q

3 types of intercellular junctions

A
  1. tight
  2. adherens
  3. gap
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25
Q

main protein components of tight junctions

A

occludins and claudins

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26
Q

3 types of adherens junctions

A
  1. zonula adherens
  2. desomsome
  3. hemidesmesome
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27
Q

structure of zonular adherens junction

A

actin - catenin - cadherin : cadherin - catenin - actin

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28
Q

structure of desmosome

A

intermediate fil - plaque - cadheren : cadheren

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29
Q

structure of hemidesmosome

A

intermediate fil - integrin - BM

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30
Q

typical location of junctions in junctional complex

A

apex - tight
middle - adherens
base - gap

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31
Q

3 problems in hypoxic cell

A
  1. anaerobic glycolysis - decreases pH
  2. ATP depletion - Na/K pumps fail - increased Na and decreased protein synthesis
  3. increased Ca in cytosol - decreased cell functioning, chromatin clumping, cell and mitochondrial swelling
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32
Q

2 components of irreversible cell injury

A
  1. severe irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction

2. membrane damage - necrosis

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33
Q

processes leading to membrane damage

A

decreased O2 for mitochondria leads to: anaerobic glycolysis and pH, decreased ATP (decreased protein and phospholipid synthesis), abnormal oxidative phosphorylation (ROS), increased Ca in cytosol (activates breakdown proteins), release of apoptotic proteins

pH and ROS leads to increase phospholipid breakdown

increased phospholipid breakdown and decreased synthesis - together with breakdown and pro-apooptotic proteins
= membrane damage

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34
Q

what is fibrinoid necrosis

A

immune complex deposition in vessels

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35
Q

what are sirtuins

A

enzymes that promote expression of genes that promote longevity

36
Q

how can tell difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

skeletal - peripheral nuclei, cardiac - central

37
Q

do smooth muscle cells have myofibrils, sarcomeres and T tubules

A

Nope

38
Q

what regenerates skeletal muscle cells

A

satellite cells

39
Q

is fibrin a normal component of connective tissue \

A

no its from blood

40
Q

can macrophages normally be present in tissues

A

yeah cf neuts

41
Q

how long do neuts last in tissue

A

6-8 h

42
Q

how long do macs last in tissues

A

2-3d

43
Q

what do macs secrete

A

IL-1 and TNF

44
Q

what activates endothelium (cytokines)

A

IL-1 and TNF

45
Q

purulent/suppurative acute inflam exudate

A

lots of neuts, tissue necrosis, abcess

46
Q

fibrinou acute inflam exudate

A

inflammation of serosal surfaces

47
Q

serous acute inflam exudate

A

mainly fluid
e.g. pleural effusion
not many neuts or fibrin

48
Q

3 types of oedema

A
  1. transudate
  2. exudate
    3 impaired lymph drainage
49
Q

what is transudate

A

due to osmotic changen in blood

50
Q

why exudate

A

due to increased vascular permeability - more protein

51
Q

labile

A

continuously in cell cycle

52
Q

when does granulation tissue start to form

A

day 3

53
Q

4 outcomes of acute inflammation

A
  1. healing by repair
  2. resolution
  3. chronic inflammation
  4. abcess formation
54
Q

where are purkinje fibres located

A

in subendocardium

55
Q

what does endothelium have to promote vs inhibit clotting

A

promote - von willebrand factor

inhibit - heparan sulfate

56
Q

what collagen in media

A

collagen III

57
Q

collagen in adventitia of vessels

A

collagen I

58
Q

do fenestrated and sinusoids have continuous basal lamina

A

fenestrated - continuous

sinusoids - discontinuous

59
Q

where is preferred site of diapedisis of WBCs

A

venules

60
Q

kartagener’s syndrome

A

genetic defect in dynein

61
Q

where is smooth muscle in layers of bronchi

A

between lamina propria and submucosa

62
Q

what keeps airways open in bronchioles

A

radial connective tissue

63
Q

what keeps alveoli from collapsing

A

reticulin fibres and elastin

64
Q

arcuate vessels

A

in kidney at boundary btw medulla and cortex

65
Q

two types of nephron

A

cortical - higher in cortex

juxta-medullary - base of cortex

66
Q

pedicles

A

pores btw podocyte processes

67
Q

how do you tell difference between proximal and distal tubules

A

proximal - brush border

distal - no brush border, more mitochondria

68
Q

how do you tell collecting duct from tubules

A

collecting duct becomes more cuboidal, larger lumen, looks like there are more nuclei

69
Q

prox and distal tubule - type of epithelium

thin LOH - type of epithelium

A

tubules - cuboidal

thin LOH - simple squamous

70
Q

describe the GIT submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue, nerves, small ganglia,

71
Q

describe lamina propria

A

lose connective tissue containing nerves, BVs, immune cells

72
Q

cells in gastric gland

A

mucous cells, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine

73
Q

crypts of ?

A

leiberkuhn

74
Q

what are plica circularis folds of

A

submucosa

75
Q

where are paneth cells found adn what do they do

A

SI

secrete anti microbials

76
Q

distinctive features of duodenum

A

brunners glands
low plica circulares
long villi

77
Q

distinctive features of ileum

A

peyer’s patches
short villi
more goblet cells

78
Q

distinctive features of LI

A

no villi, straight tubular glands
no paneth cells,
more goblet cells than SI

79
Q

what cells are on serous external surfaces

A

mesothelial cells

80
Q

where in hepatocyte is protein synthesis cf fat/steroid metabolism

A

rough ER - proteins

fat steroids - smooth ER

81
Q

connective tissue support for hepatocyts

A

collagen II and III (reticulin)

82
Q

what is space between endothelium and adjacent hepatocyte

A

space of disse

83
Q

whats on sinusoidal surface fo hepatocytes

A

microvilli

84
Q

what’s on inner surface of hepatocytes (not sinusoidal)

A

kupfer cells

85
Q

what is name of lobule model in zones

A

acinar lobule model

86
Q

how does gall bladder concentrate bile

A

removes Na and water

87
Q

what controls release of bile/pancreatic juice into duo

A

sphincter of oddi

exam revision (15 decks)

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