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exam revision > cardio and resp phys > Flashcards

cardio and resp phys Flashcards

1
Q

for any given volume of blood, BP depends on

A

compliance - diastole

active tension - systole

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2
Q

does acidosis or alkalosis cause increase in contractility

A

acidosis

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3
Q

3rd heart sound

A

filling of ventricle in early diastole

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4
Q

4th heart sound

A

contraction of atria

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5
Q

mean circulatory filling pressure

A

pressure in vessels if heart stopped

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6
Q

vascular function curve describes

A

as CO increases, venous pressure decreases

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7
Q

cardiac function curve describes

A

as venous pressure increases, CO increases

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8
Q

what happens to vascular function curve if decrease TPR

A

decrease TPR - more blood in veins - increases venou return therefore CO

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9
Q

what do carotid and aortic bodies repond to

A

v low O2

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10
Q

why does pulse pressure increase later in lif

A

renal failure
diastolic cardiac failure
decreased large artery compliance

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11
Q

EDP can be used as measure of

A
  1. filling of ventricles

2. venous pressure driving fluid out of capillaries

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12
Q

causes of RHF

A

global heart disease - cardiomyopathy
specific RH disease - valves, pul hypertension
LHF

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13
Q

to systems of inappropriate adaptation to HF

A

symp - direct toxic effect, increase HR, contractility, vasoconstriction
RAAS - renin, K loss

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14
Q

what causes heart murmer

A

turbulent flow around stenosed/incompetent valve

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15
Q

what happens when get symptoms of regurgitation

A

irreversible changes :(

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16
Q

what happens when get symptoms of stenosis

A

time to intervene

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17
Q

two mechanisms of aortic regurgitation

A

aortic leaflet damage - endocarditis,

aortic root dilated - marfan syndrome, aortic dissection, syphillis

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18
Q

cause of mitral stenosis

A

rheumatic fever

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19
Q

causes of mitral regurgitation

A
  • myxomatous degeneration
  • ruptured cordae tendinae - flail leaflet
  • infective endocarditis
  • rheumatic fever
  • cardiomyopathy
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20
Q

consequences of obstruction adn increased work of breathing

A

recruit accessory muscles
increase O consumption by resp muscles
risk of resp muscle fatigue

21
Q

normal PaO2 and PaCO2 values

A

PaO2 - 100

PaCO2 - 38-42

22
Q

what percent of Vital capacity shoudl come out in I sec

A

80%

23
Q

A-a gradient is what

A

alveolar -arteriole gradient - measure of overall efficiency of gas exchange across Ac units

24
Q

if hypoxic at rest, probably due to what

A

VQ mismatch, not diffusion impairment

25
Q

If have high CO2, whats it due to

A

hypoventilation (NOT VQ mismatch or diff imp)

26
Q

What types of breaths to restrictive airways disease patietns take

A

short shallow

27
Q

if have high pH but low CO2

A

Resp alkalosis - hyperventilation

28
Q

if have high pH but normal CO2

A

metabolic alkalosis

29
Q

if low pH and high CO2

A

resp acidosis - hypoventilation

30
Q

if low pH and normal CO2

A

metabolic acidosis

31
Q

does pulmonary artery pressure rise with increased CO

A

no - becuaes pulmonary vasodilation adn recruitment of capillary beds

32
Q

Why is there decreased systolic BP on inspiration

A

bc blood pools in lungs in insp, decreased LA venous return, decreased CO

33
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

accentuation of decrease in BP in insp

34
Q

two mechanisms of creps

A
  1. air bubbling through fluid - insp and exp - pneumonia

2. high pitched at end of insp - sudden opening of alveoli that have collapsed on exp - pulm fibrosis

35
Q

if anion gap increases, due to

A

increase in acid

36
Q

type 1 resp failure

A

decreased O, normal or decreased CO

37
Q

type Ii resp railure

A

decreased O and increased CO

38
Q

consequences of pulmonary oedema

A
  1. Decreased compliance and volume, increased resistance - increase WOB
  2. gas exhange impaired
  3. increased vascular resistance
39
Q

Is alveoli and capillary epi/endothelium permeable?

A

cap endo - yes

alveoli epi - no - actively pumps out water into interstitium

40
Q

two causes of pulmonary oedema

A
  1. LV dysfunction

2. increased cap permability - infection, toxins, shock

41
Q

normal bicarb level

A

22-28

42
Q

in lung fibrosis, get pulmonary hypertension bc

A

destruction of pul caps

spasm of pulm arterioles

43
Q

v waves

A

blood ejected back into atrium due to incompetent tricupsid valve

44
Q

normal anion gap

A

anions less than cations by 15

45
Q

chemoreceptors for respiration

A

peripheral - carotid bodies - PaO2, PaCO2, pH

central - medulla - PaCO2 via CSF H

46
Q

Stimulants for increase in ventilation during exercise

A

initially - ventilation increases linearly with increase work
at anaerobic threshold - build up of lactic acid - second stimulus for increase in ventilation (goes beyond what needed for O2 and CO2)

47
Q

what is problem with patients with chronic hypercapnia when are acutely more hypoxic than usual

A

patients are dependent on hypoxic resp drive (increase CO2 will not stimulate), so can’t give high concentrations of O2 if acutely more hypoxic bc will stimulate decrease in resp drive

48
Q

wheeze or stridor indicative of what

A

Airway disease

exam revision (15 decks)

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