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biology > phylogeny & cladistics > Flashcards

phylogeny & cladistics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Domain

A

the highest taxonomic category; above the kingdom level

  1. Archaea
  2. Bacteria
  3. Eukarya
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2
Q

Kingdom

A

in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above phylum

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3
Q

Phylum

A

in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above class

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4
Q

Class

A

in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above order

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5
Q

Order

A

in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above family

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6
Q

Family

A

in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above genus

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7
Q

Genus

A

in Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above species; also the 1st part of a binomial is the name of the _____ to which the species belongs

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8
Q

Species

A

the lowest taxonomic category

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9
Q

Taxon/taxa

A

a named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

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10
Q

Basal taxon

A

refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group and hence lies on a branch that originates near the common ancestor of the group

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11
Q

Sister taxa

A

groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives

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12
Q

Outgroup

A

is a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lingeage that includes the species we are studying

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13
Q

Clade

A

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

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14
Q

Grade of organization

A

a group of organisms that share the same level of organizational complexity or share a key adaptation

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15
Q

Monophyletic

A

“single tribe”

  • equivalent to a clade
  • consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
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16
Q

Paraphyletic

A

“beside the tribe”

- consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants

17
Q

Polyphyletic

A

“many tribes”

- includes distantly related species but not their most recent common ancestor

18
Q

Shared ancestral character

A

a character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade

ex: all mammals have backbones, but a backbone does not distinguish mammals from other vertebrates because all vertebrates have backbones
- the backbone predates the branching of mammals from other vertebrates

19
Q

Shared derived character

A

an evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

ex: hair is a character shared by all mammals but not found in their ancestors

20
Q

Nodes

A

represents a branching point from the ancestral population

21
Q

Dichotomies

A

a branch point on a tree that has 2 immediate descendents

22
Q

Polytomies

A

a branch point on a tree that has more than 2 immediate descendents

23
Q

Explain how a shared trait can be a shared ancestral character.

A

all mammals have backbones, but a backbone does not distinguish mammals from other vertebrates because ALL vertebrates have backbones

24
Q

Explain how a shared trait can be a shared derived character.

A

hair is a character shared by all mammals but NOT found in their ancestors

25
Q

Explain what makes a good outgroup.

A

can be determined based on evidence from:

  • morphology
  • paleontology
  • embryotic development
  • and gene sequences
26
Q

Arrange the taxa in their proper Linnaean hierarchy.

A

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, life

27
Q

Identify nodes, dichotomies, and polytomies on a phylogenetic tree.

A

node: represents a branching point from the ancestral population
dichotomies: a branch point on a tree that has 2 immediate descendents
polytomies: a branch point on a tree that has more than 2 immediate descendents

28
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A
  • the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

- the study of phylogenies

29
Q

What are phylogenies?

A

evolutionary histories of species or lineages

30
Q

Hypotheses about these relationships are formed using several different lines of evidence:

A
  • homologus morphology
  • the fossil record
  • behaviour and habitat
  • molecular sequences
31
Q

Occam’s razor

A

the simpliest solution tends to be the correct solution

32
Q

What is the purpose of Phylogenetic trees?

A
  • using the learned characteristics, species can be sorted, & a “tree of life” can be drawn
  • also can be drawn to show relationships b/t closely related species
  • also to show “all” known species
  • the orientation is arbitrary (random)
33
Q

What do branch lengths mean in phylograms?

A

more length = more difference

34
Q

BUT the binomial nomenclature (genus & species together) is always…

A

unambiguous

biology (25 decks)

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