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biology > Lecture 24 - Plant Growth & Development (part 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 24 - Plant Growth & Development (part 1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are plants composed of?

A

cells, tissues & organs

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2
Q

What is a shoot system?

A

above ground organs of the plant

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3
Q

What are stems composed of (within the shoot system)?

A
  • Nodes
  • Internodes
  • Shoot apical meristem (SAM)/Apical buds terminal bud)
  • Axillary buds
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4
Q

What are leaves composed of (within the shoot system)?

A
  • Blades
  • Petioles
  • Veins
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5
Q

What is a root system?

A

below ground organs of the plant

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6
Q

What are root systems composed of?

A
  • Taproots (eudicots)
  • Lateral roots
  • Root hairs
  • Root apical meristem (RAM)
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7
Q

What is the dermal tissue system?

A

protective tissue layer

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8
Q

What is the dermal tissue system comprised of?

A
  • epidermis
  • cuticle
  • periderm
  • guard cells
  • trichomes
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9
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost cell layer

- within the dermal tissue system

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10
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy, protective layer on stems and leaves

- within the dermal tissue system

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11
Q

Periderm

A

layer in woody plants that REPLACES the epidermis during secondary growth
- within the dermal tissue system

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12
Q

Guard cells

A

gas exchange

- within the dermal tissue system

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13
Q

Trichomes

A

hairlike cells that reduce water loss, reflect excess light, defense
- within the dermal tissue system

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14
Q

What is the vascular tissue system?

A

transport tissue layer

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15
Q

What is the vascular tissue system comprised of?

A
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Stele
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16
Q

Xylem

A

water conducting tissue

- within the vascular tissue system

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17
Q

Phloem

A

transports photosynthates

- within the vascular tissue system

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18
Q

Stele

A

xylem + phloem

- within the vascular tissue system

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19
Q

What is the function of the ground tissue?

A

storage, support, & photosynthetic tissue layer

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20
Q

What is the ground tissue system comprised of?

A
  • Pith

* Cortex

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21
Q

Pith

A

internal to vascular tissue

- within the ground tissue system

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22
Q

Cortex

A

external to vascular tissue

- within the ground tissue system

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23
Q

Describe Parenchyma cells

A
  • THIN and FLEXIBLE primary cell walls
  • LACK secondary cell walls
  • Large central VACUOLE
  • Perform most of the METABOLIC functions of the plant
  • LIVING cells
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24
Q

Chlorenchyma

A

photosynthetic parenchyma
• Some contain amyloplasts, which STORE STARCH
• Can divide and differentiate to REPAIR TISSUES
- within parenchyma cells

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25
Q

Describe Collenchyma cells

A
  • GROUPED in strands, usually BENEATH the EPIDERMIS
  • SUPPORTIVE function, flexible but NOT restrictive
  • ELONGATED CELLS with UNevenly thickened primary cell walls
  • LIVING cells
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26
Q

Describe Sclerenchyma cells

A
  • Contain secondary cell walls composed of lignin
  • Functionally dead at maturity
  • Very rigid, structural support
    • Sclerids
    • Fibres
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27
Q

Sclerids

A 
irregular shaped (gritty texture in pears)
- within schlerenchyma cells
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28
Q

Fibres

A

Long, slender strands, tapered (hemp fibres)

- within schlerenchyma cells

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29
Q

What is apart of Xylem Tissue?

A
  • Tracheids

* Vessel Elements

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30
Q

What is Tracheids (within Xylem Tissue)?

A
  • Tubular, elongated cells with tapered ends
  • IN the XYLEM of all vascular plants
  • DEAD at maturity, thickened secondary CELL WALLS of LIGNIN
  • Water moves BETWEEN cells VIA PITS
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31
Q

What is Vessel Elements (within Xylem Tissue)?

A
  • Wider, shorter elongated cells with less tapering
  • ALIGNED end-to-end with PERFORATION PLATES
  • IN THE XYLEM of angiosperms, a few gymnosperms, and a few seedless vascular plants
  • DEAD at maturity, thickened secondary CELL WALLS OF LIGNIN
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32
Q

What is apart of Phloem Tissue?

A
  • Sieve-tube elements

* Companion cells

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33
Q

What is Sieve-tube elements (within Phloem Tissue)?

A
  • ALIVE, but LACK a nucleus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, vacuole
  • Long, narrow cells CONNECTED by SIEVE PLATES
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34
Q

What is Companion cells (within Phloem Tissue)?

A
  • CONNECTED TO the sieve-tube element
  • NON-conducting
  • Contains a NUCLEUS & ALL organelles
  • Metabolic products are transferred from here TO the sieve-tube elements
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35
Q

What is responsible for growth?

A

meristems

36
Q

Growth is not limited to…

A

juvenile or embryonic stages

37
Q

Determinate growth

A
  • Some plant organs stop growing after a certain size

* Similar to that of animals

38
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Plants keep growing throughout their life DUE TO MERISTEMS

39
Q

Apical meristems

A
  • Tips of roots, shoots and in axillary buds

* Enable primary growth (increases height)

40
Q

Lateral meristems

A

Enables secondary growth (increases girth, wideness)

  • Vascular cambium
  • Cork cambium
41
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem to the organ

- within the lateral meristems

42
Q

Cork cambium

A

Replaces the epidermis with periderm as it cracks and sloughs off
- within the lateral meristems

43
Q

Describe the meristems division

A

Divide frequently during the growing season
• Some cells remain meristematic (initials/stem cells)
• Most cells will differentiate into cell types, tissues, and organs

44
Q

The root is derived from the____, which is covered by a _____ which protects the _____ from damage as the root elongates

A
  • RAM (root apical meristem)
  • root cap
  • RAM (root apical meristem)
45
Q

What is the 3 primary growth in roots?

A
  • Zone of Division
  • Zone of Elongation
  • Zone of Differentiation
46
Q

Describe Zone of Division

A
  • Includes the stem cells/initials of the RAM (root apical meristem)
  • Produces new root cells, including cells in the root cap
47
Q

Describe Zone of Elongation

A
  • Most of the “growing” region of the root
  • Cell elongation pushes the root tip further DOWN INTO THE SOIL
  • 3 tissue systems begin to develop
48
Q

Describe Zone of Differentiation

A
  • Aka zone of maturation

* Cell differentiation into specific cell types

49
Q

What is the outmost primary meristem that will give rise to the epidermis?

A

the protoderm

50
Q

Ground tissue consists of mostly ______ cells & is found in the _____ & is created via the _____ _____

A
  • parenchyma
  • cortex
  • ground meristem
51
Q

What gives rise to the vascular cylinder (stele)?

A

procambium

52
Q

Describe what is included in the procambium

A
  • Pericycle is the innermost layer of cells right inside of the endodermis
  • Lateral roots arise from the pericycle
53
Q

Describe Pericycle

A

is the innermost layer of cells right inside of the endodermis

54
Q

Lateral roots arise from the…

A

pericycle

55
Q

Compare & contrast a root with xylem & phloem in the centre (typical of eudicots) to a root with parenchyma in the centre (typical of monocots)

A
  • Vascular tissues in X shape
  • Less thick endodermis
  • No pith
  • Vascular tissues in rings
  • Thick endodermis (suberized)
  • Pith present
56
Q

The shoot is derived from the ____, which is protected by the leaves of the _____ ____

A
  • SAM

- apical bud

57
Q

What is shoot elongation due to?

A

the lengthening of the internodes

58
Q

SAM gives rise to the same primary meristems as the root, which are…

A

protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

59
Q

Branching arises from…

A

axillary buds (each with their own apical meristem)

60
Q

Apical dominance

A

plant hormones prevent buds close to the apical meristems from growing

61
Q

Leaf primordia arise from the…

A

flanks of the SAM

62
Q

The stem is covered by an…

A

epidermis containing a cuticle

63
Q

The ground tissue mostly consists of _____, with ____ layers of ________ directly under the epidermis.

Schlerenchyma fibres may also be found to add additional _______ & _________.

A
  • parenchyma
  • 1-2
  • collenchyma
  • structure
  • support
64
Q

Vascular tissue runs from the _____ ______ ______ all the way up the _____ in _______ bundles

A
  • root vascular cylinder
  • stem
  • continuous
65
Q

Compare & contrast a cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming a ring (typical of eudicots) to a cross section of stem with scattered vascular bundles (typical of monocots)

A
  • vascular bundles arranged in a ring
  • pith present in the center
  • no pith
  • vascular bundles scattered
66
Q

Leaves develop from _______ that flank the SAM

A

leaf primordia

67
Q

What are the 3 primary meristems that give rise to leaf tissues?

A
  • Protoderm
  • Ground meristem
  • Procambium
68
Q

Protoderm

A

epidermis with a thick cuticle

69
Q

What is protoderm interrupted by?

A

stomata (sing. Stoma) surrounded by guard cells

70
Q

Ground meristem

A

gives rise to mesophyll (“middle leaf”)

71
Q

What is Ground meristem composed of?

A
  • Composed of specialised parenchyma cells called chlorenchyma
  • Palisade mesophyll
  • Spongy mesophyll
72
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

elongated parenchyma on the upper part of the lead

73
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

loosely arranged parenchyma with large air spaces for movement of CO2/O2 gases

74
Q

Vascular tissue is _____ with the vascular tissue in the ____

A
  • continuous

- stem

75
Q

The vascular tissue in the leaves is contained in…

A

“bundles” called veins, surrounded by a bundle sheath composed of parenchyma cells

76
Q

What are the 3 primary meristems?

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Ground Meristem
  3. Procambium
77
Q

Blades

A

flattened part of the leaf for photosynthesis

78
Q

Petioles

A

joins the blade to the stem

79
Q

Veins

A

vascular tissues

80
Q

Taproots

A

(eudicots), main vertical root

81
Q

Lateral roots

A

sides roots

82
Q

Root hairs

A

extensions of epidermal hairs for increased absorption

83
Q

Root Apical Meristems (RAM)

A

increases root length

84
Q

Nodes

A

leaf attachment points

85
Q

Internodes

A

stem b/t leaves

86
Q

Shoot Apical Meristems (SAM)/Apical Buds

A

grows up (AKA terminal buds)

87
Q

Axillary buds

A

can form lateral branches, thorns, flowers

biology (25 decks)

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