Lecture 34 - Conservation Biology (part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity is sustained with…

A

landscape conservation

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2
Q

Conservation efforts lately have been focusing on…

A

biodiversity within communities, ecosystems, & landscapes

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3
Q

Biodiversity of a landscape is related to…

A

landscape structure

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4
Q

Fragmentation

A

• Species adapted to ecosystem centers have more rapid decline than species along edges
- Ex. Amazon rainforest with isolated forest fragments

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5
Q

Edges

A
  • The boundaries of the ecosystem
  • Ex. Edges of forests, lake shorelines, cropland and urban housing tracts
  • Edges have their own properties that differ from surrounding ecosystems
  • Organisms can thrive in edges because they get resources from both surrounding ecosystems
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6
Q

Edges have their own properties that differ from surrounding ecosystems. Give an example:

A

Ex soil surface at edges receive more sunlight than the forest beside but is cooler and wetter than the soil in the open areas also beside

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7
Q

Organisms can thrive in edges because…

A

they get resources from both surrounding ecosystems

• Ex. Ruffled grouse (Bonasa umbellus) needs forests for nesting coverage and winter food but openings for summer food

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8
Q

In fragmented habitats, ______ _______ can exist that help organisms move between fragments

A

movement corridors

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9
Q

Movement corridors can be what?

A

Can be narrow strip of land, trees, small clumps of habitat, ect that is similar enough to the habitat fragment

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10
Q

What does movement corridors allow for?

A

Allows for dispersal, reduces inbreeding, aid in migration

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11
Q

Riparian

A

(along water ways that undergo frequent and/or periodic flooding) act as corridors (coyotes come into the city via the frozen Red River and it’s riparian banks)

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12
Q

Riparian ecosystems are more than just corridors. They can also…

A

protect a huge diversity of species from wild fires, such as lichens on alder trees
within montane streams in BC

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13
Q

We can create _______ _______ to help species cross roads that would otherwise have fragmented their habitat

A

artificial corridors (like Wildlife bridges in Banff National Park; kinda a tunnel on road for cars to go through)

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14
Q

Corridors can be harmful though…

A
  • Can spread diseases among habitat fragments

* Can allow predators to travel into new fragments

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15
Q

What else can we do to protect landscapes and habitats?

A

Can establish PROTECTED AREAS, preventing/reducing habitat loss as a means to preserve biodiversity

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16
Q

7% of the _____ _____ are in protected areas

A

world’s land

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17
Q

10% of ______ ______ ____ is in protected areas

A

Canada’s land mass

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18
Q

Begs the question though….

A

should the land set aside in protected areas be managed to reduce particular threats (ie wildfires, removing predators, etc) or should we let nature run its course and not interfere?

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19
Q

Biologists focus on areas to be protected that are…

A

biodiversity hot spots

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20
Q

Biodiversity hot spots

A

Relatively small area with numerous endemic species and/or a large number of threatened or endangered species

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21
Q

Example of biodiversity hot spots:

A

Ie Newfoundland is a biodiversity hot spot for many endemic and endangered lichens due to its unique climate and fog forests and has many protected areas and provincial/national parks (Gros Morne, Terra Nova, etc)

22
Q

Designating biodiversity hot spots generally leans towards those with…

A

vertebrates and plants, and less so on insects and other invertebrates

23
Q

Nature reserves are…

A

protected “islands” of biodiversity within a “sea of disturbance”

24
Q

Do we create fewer but larger reserves or smaller, more numerous ones?

A

Larger reserves have smaller total perimeters (edges) than smaller ones and also are good for large, territorial animals

25
Q

Zoned reserves accounts for…

A

land management practices

26
Q

Zoned reserves

A

Extensive regions of undisturbed land surrounded by areas with controlled human
activity for economic gains

27
Q

What do zoned reserves have?

A

Strict regulations prevent the area from overexploitation and often have buffer
zones to prevent the undisturbed areas from being damaged by human activities

28
Q

Describe how Costa Rica does really well with zoned reserves

A
  • Goal is to protect and maintain 80% of its native species

* Even have ECOTOURISM, promoting its national parks and reserves to tourists for economic gain

29
Q

Ecotourism

A

promoting its national parks and reserves to tourists for economic gain

30
Q

Marine protected areas (MPA) also exist:

A

• Endeavour Hydrothermal vents off Vancouver Island
- Protects unique biota found in deep sea vents along spreading ocean floors

• Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Glass Sponge Reefs MPA
- Protects 9000 year old reefs

• Often establish in areas with economic resources (fish, oil, etc)

31
Q

Urban ecology

A

looks at protecting species within urban areas and works to understand how species and the urban environment interact

32
Q

Almost __ ______ people will live in cities by 2030

A

5 billion!

33
Q

Describe how critical research focuses on urban streams

A

• Focus on water quality and flow
• What species are found in them
• Urban rivers tend to rise and fall more rapidly than streams in rural
areas
- Concrete and other impervious materials, storm drains, etc force
runoff into streams
- Also have higher concentrations of nutrients and chemical
pollutants
• Can plant native shrubs and plants to manage riverbanks, help
establish invertebrate populations, and moderate stream flow and
water quality

34
Q

Describe how urban rivers tend to rise and fall more rapidly than streams in rural
areas

A
  • Concrete and other impervious materials, storm drains, etc force runoff into streams
  • Also have higher concentrations of nutrients and chemical pollutants
35
Q

What can be done to urban streams to help?

A

Can plant native shrubs and plants to manage riverbanks, help establish invertebrate populations, and moderate stream flow and water quality

36
Q

Human activity is…

A

modifying Earth’s ecosystems at the regional and global levels

37
Q

Acid precipitation

A

is a large-scale global change in which precipitation (rain, snow, fog, etc) has a pH <5.2

38
Q

Describe acid precipitation

A
  • Burning of wood and fossil fuels releases SO2 and NO2 which reacts with atmospheric water forming sulfuric and nitric acids
  • Can result in huge loss of species as the acid precipitation not only burns terrestrial species, but also acidifies lakes and rivers
39
Q

Nutrient enrichment and loss

A

Nutrients are lost when habitats are converted or destroyed (agriculture removes nutrients from soils, etc)

40
Q

When does nutrient enrichment happen?

A

happens when nutrients are added to a habitat that have either been lost or not previously found there
• Ex adding fertilisers to crops added Nitrogen to the soil, but can also enrich surrounding waterways

41
Q

Critical load

A

the amount that plants can absorb without causing harm to the ecosystem

42
Q

What happens when nutrients exceed critical load?

A

can cause immense problems
• Leaching, runoff, ground water contamination, etc
• Can lead to eutrophication, “dead zones” of phytoplankton kill

43
Q

Toxins in the environment

A

We release a bunch of stuff into our environment and a lot of it is not good

44
Q

Organisms can absorb/acquire these toxins into their bodies, which then…

A

bioaccumulate up the trophic levels

45
Q

Biological magnification

A

results in top-tier carnivores being the most affected

46
Q

Rachel Carson wrote…

A

“Silent Spring” outlining the effect of DDT on the ecosystem and the decline of large birds of prey
• The DDT interfered with their bodies’ ability to deposit calcium into their eggs, resulting in population decline since the parents crushed their eggs during nesting

47
Q

Pharmaceuticals also affect ecosystems…

A

• People who consume over the counter medicines and other drugs
excrete a lot of it when they pee or flush them down the toilet

• Sewage treatment cannot break down all of them so the chemicals
end up in our waterways

• Sex steroids (estrogen, etc) can cause male fish to acquire female
characteristics at super low doses, which can cause population
declines if there are no breeding males

48
Q

Greenhouse gases and climate change:

A
  • Atmospheric ozone (O3) is important for screening out harmful and excess UV radiation from the sun
  • Located 17-25km in the stratosphere (upper atmosphere)
  • Accumulation of CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons, widely used in hair sprays and refrigeration in the 1970s) react with ozone, reducing it down to O2
  • This thins the ozone layer, reducing its ability to protect life on Earth
49
Q

Sustainable development

A

meets the economic needs of society today without limiting the availability of
future generations to meet their needs

50
Q

But what does sustainable development mean?

A

Ecologists set conservation strategies by identifying which habitats/patches are most crucial that will also improve the lives quality of life for the local people
• A connection between life sciences with social sciences, economics, and humanities

51
Q

Case Study: Costa Rica

A
  • Successful conservation of biodiversity required inputs and cooperation at the national government, NGOs, and private citizen levels
  • Nature reserves are given tax benefits, especially to those established by individuals

• Established and promotes ecotourism

  • 10% of the GDP is from ecotourism
  • Locally, almost 100% of locals are employed in tourism

• Only implemented after the country was socioeconomically stable
- Infant mortality rates decreased, life expectancy increased, immunizations, disease control, education goals