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Bacteria & Fungi Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Coccus

A

spherical

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2
Q

Bacillus

A

rod-shaped

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3
Q

Spiral

A

spiral

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4
Q

Gram +

A

bacteria have simple cell walls > peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Gram -

A

bacteria have cell walls < peptidoglycan, but more lipopolysaccharides

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6
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

what bacterial cell walls are composed of

- structural carbohydrate composed of sugar cross-linked with short polypeptides

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7
Q

Photoautotroph

A

energy source: light

carbon source: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound

types of organisms: photosynthetic prokaryotes (for ex, cyanobacteria); plants; certain protists (for ex, algae)

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8
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

energy source: light

carbon source: organic compounds

types of organisms: unique to certain aquatic & salt-loving prokaryotes (for ex, Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus)

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9
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

energy source: inorganic chemicals (such as H2S, NH3, or Fe2+)

carbon source: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound

types of organisms: unique to certain prokaryotes (for ex, Sulfolobus)

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10
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

energy source: organic compounds

carbon source: organic compounds

types of organisms: many prokaryotes (for ex, Clostridium) & protists; fungi; animals; some plants

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11
Q

Capsule

A

what the cell wall is surrounded by

  • composed of polysaccharides &/or protein
  • allows adherence to substrata or each other within the colony
  • protects against desiccation & bacteriophages (viruses)
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12
Q

Endospore

A

are types of resistant cells produced by prokaryotes to survive harsh environments

  • bacterial cell replicates its DNA & surrounds it in a super resistant layer
  • can survive boiling water (need extreme heat & pressure to kill)
  • can remain dormant for centuries
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13
Q

Microbiome

A

diverse nutritional modes allow diverse bacteria to inhabit the human gut (called our microbiome)

  • contain approx. 10 trillion bacteria in our gut
  • are mutualists –> break down food that we cannot
  • we can absorb the nutrients they break down in exchange for our blood cells producing anti-microbial compounds to reduce competition & keep only the “good” bacteria
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14
Q

Probiotic

A

we consume probiotics to help establish healthy populations of “good” bacteria

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15
Q

Halophile

A

(an extremophile)

- “salt loving”, live in super haline (salty) places

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16
Q

Thermophile

A

(an extremophile)

- “heat loving”, thermal vents, greysers, volcanic hot springs (think Yellowstone)

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17
Q

Acidophile

A

(an extremophile)

- “acid loving”, human gut, volcanic features

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18
Q

Methanogen

A

(many archea also leave in moderate environments)

  • release methane
  • found in marshes, cattle guts (cow farts)
  • important decomposers in the environment
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19
Q

Chitin

A

what fungi cell walls are composed of chitin

- nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

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20
Q

Filamentous

A

d

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21
Q

Hyphae

A

(sing. hypha) in fungi

- tiny tubular filaments surrounding the plasma membrane

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22
Q

Septate

A

(1 of the 2 forms hyphae occurs in fungi)

- divided, allowing large macromolecules to pass b/t hyphal cells

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23
Q

Coenocytic

A

(1 of the 2 forms hyphae occurs in fungi)

- lacking septa, with a continuous cytoplasmic mass

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24
Q

Mycelium

A

(a structure within fungi)

- a mass of hyphae that maximizes SA: volume ratio

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25
Q

Fruiting body

A

(a structure within fungi)

- reproductive structure

26
Q

Haplontic

A

(fungi alternate b/t sexual & asexual cycles in 3 main life stages)
- dominantly haploid stage

27
Q

Plasmogamy

A

fusion of cytoplasms from parental mycelia

28
Q

Heterokaryon

A

when the fungus is in the dikaryotic stage, we say it is a heterokaryon since its mycelium contains 2 genetically different nuclei within its cytoplasm

29
Q

Dikaryotic

A

“2 nuclei”, a transition stage b/t haplontic & diplontic

30
Q

Karyogamy

A

fusion of nuclei, thus completing fertilization

31
Q

Zygosporangium

A

produces the zygote (zygospore) ?

32
Q

Zygospore

A

s

33
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

are specialized fungi that form associations with plants

34
Q

Ascocarp

A

fruiting body (in the ascomycetes “sac fungi”)

35
Q

Ascus

A

very specific location where these spores (ascospores) undergo meiosis
- in Ascomycetes “Sac Fungi”

36
Q

Ascospores

A

sexual spores

- in Ascomycetes “Sac Fungi”

37
Q

Conidia

A

s

38
Q

Basidiocarp

A

fruiting body containing gills

- in Basidiomycetes “club fungi”

39
Q

Basidiospore

A

sexual spores

- in Basidiomycetes “club fungi”

40
Q

Mycobiont

A

s

41
Q

Photobiont

A

s

42
Q

Compare the basic characteristics of the 3 domains of life

A

s

43
Q

Illustrate how cell shape & cell wall structure can be used to differentiate bacteria

A

s

44
Q

Describe the nutritional diversity seen amongst the bacteria

A

s

45
Q

Explain how capsules & endospores benefit the bacteria that have/can make them

A
  1. cell wall is surrounded by a CAPSULE
    - composed of polysaccharides &/or protein
    - allows adherence to substrata or each other within the colony
    - protects against desiccation & bacteriophages (viruses)
  2. endospores are types of resistant cells produced by prokaryotes to survive harsh environments
    - bacterial cell replicates its DNA & surrounds it in a super resistant layer
    - can survive boiling waters (need extreme heat & pressure to kill)
    - can remain dormant for centuries
46
Q

Explain how the human microbiome is established

A

s

47
Q

a. Outline the benefits of a healthy microbiome

A

s

48
Q

Identify locations where you may find archaeans

A

g

49
Q

Explain the evidence of shared ancestry b/t the fungi & nucleariids

A
  • nucleariids consist of amoebas that feed on algae & bacteria
  • DNA evidence suggests that animals are more related to another group of protists (choanoflagellates) than to either fungi or nucleariids
    - we can conclude then that multicellularity evolved INDEPENDENTLY in animals & fungi
50
Q

Describe the defining characteristics of the fungi

A
  • there are approx. 100 000 species of identified fungi
    - could be up to 1.5 million species!
  • fungi can be single-celled, microscopic, filamentous or macroscopic
  • found in all habitats, both terrestrial & aquatic
  • fungi are the nutrient recyclers within the ecosystem, breaking down decaying organic matter
51
Q

Illustrate the typical fungus life cycle

A
  • fungi reproduce via SPORES, which can be produced sexually (MEIOSPORES) or asexually (MITOSPORES)
  • fungi alternate b/t sexual & asexual cycles in 3 main life stages:
    • HAPLONTIC –> dominantly haploid stage
    • DIPLONTIC –> dominantly diploid stage
    • DIKARYOTIC –> “2 nuclei,” a transition stage b/t haplontic & diplontic where PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasms from parental mycelia) has occured, but KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei, thus completing fertilization) has not
  • when the fungus is in the dikaryotic stage, we say it is a HETEROKARYON since its mycelium contains 2 genetically different nuclei within its cytoplasm
52
Q

a. Identify the major differences b/t the life cycles of the 5 major fungal phyla

A

g

53
Q

Construct a phylogenetic tree of the 5 fungal phyla discusses in this course

A

g

54
Q

a. Identify the best outgroup for this tree

A

g

55
Q

Describe the basic body plans for each of the 5 fungal phyla

A

g

56
Q

a. Illustrate the differences in sexual sporangia & spores

A

g

57
Q

b. Identify characters that are shared b/t related phyla

A

g

58
Q

Classify fungi into phyla based on specific characteristics provided in a photo or written description

A

g

59
Q

Illustrate the complex mutualistic relationship that is a lichen

A

g

60
Q

a. Identify what each member gives & gains from the relationship

A

g

61
Q

b. Describe the 3 forms of lichen growth

A
  1. Fruticose - “shrublike”
  2. Foliose - “leaflike”
  3. Crustose - “encrusting”

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