Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > Lecture 25 - Plant Growth & Development (part 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 25 - Plant Growth & Development (part 2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does secondary growth do?

A

increases the diameter of a plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Secondary growth

A

increases the plants girth (diameter) through the activity of lateral meristems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does secondary growth occur in?

A
  • Occurs in all Gymnosperms, most Eudicots and a select few Monocot species
  • Occurs in roots and shoots, never leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secondary growth occurs simultaneously with…

A

primary growth in woody plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does primary growth & secondary growth do?

A

• Primary growth adds leaves, increases height
• Secondary growth increases girth in the older regions
- increases the diameter of a plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary Growth (process)

A
  • Apical cells in the root/shoot tips are undifferentiated
  • When they divide, some daughter cells will remain in the meristematic region
  • Other daughter cells become partially differentiated into primary meristem cells (protoderm, ground, procambium)
  • Daughter cells from those will differentiate into cells in mature tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the direction of primary growth?

A

vertical, downward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the direction of vascular cambium secondary growth?

A

both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 lateral meristems of secondary growth?

A
  • vascular cambium

- cork cambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens at the very beginning of secondary growth?

A

Primary growth from the activity of the apical meristem is nearing completion and the vascular cambium has just formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does primary growth continue?

A

in the apical bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does secondary growth occur?

A

along the vascular cambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do some of the initials of the vascular cambium give rise to?

A

vascular rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are vascular rays?

A

files of parenchyma cells that CONNECT secondary xylem and phloem & TRANSPORTS water B/T them
- aids in wound repair, and stores carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do vascular rays aid in?

A

aids in wound repair, and stores carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens when girth increases the first time?

A

secondary phloem can’t keep up with filling in the gaps
- Eventually the epidermis ruptures and falls off
- A cork cambium develops from the cortex parenchyma cells, producing cork cells
• Cork will replace the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the cork cambium develop from?

A

develops from the cortex parenchyma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the cork cambium produce?

A

cork cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does cork replace?

A

the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens in year 2 of secondary growth?

A

the vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem and phloem
- The cork cambium produces more cork cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens when girth increases the second time?

A

the outermost cork cells get sloughed off (just like the epidermis did)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens if cork cambium is lost during secondary growth?

A

another one will form deeper in the cortex tissue to make more cork cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens if the cortex is eventually sloughed off?

A

the cork cambium will arise from the secondary phloem tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What forms a layer of periderm?

A

Each cork cambium and the tissues is produces (cork)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is bark composed of?

A

all the tissues exterior to the vascular cambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the vascular cambium produce?

A

secondary xylem and secondary phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What appears as a ring of meristematic cells?

A
  • Secondary xylem

* Secondary phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Secondary xylem

A

towards INSIDE of stem/root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is secondary xylem composed of?

A

tracheids, vessel elements, fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Secondary phloem

A

towards OUTSIDE of stem/root

31
Q

What is secondary phloem composed of?

A

Still composed of sieve-tube elements and companion cells

32
Q

What does secondary growth colloquially produce?

A

“wood”

33
Q

What are the 2 types of “wood”?

A
  • Early wood

* Late wood

34
Q

Early wood

A

spring wood, xylem cells are large, with thin walls

35
Q

Late wood

A

summer wood, xylem cells smaller, thicker cell walls

36
Q

Growth ring

A

can be seen between the previous year’s late wood and the new year’s early wood

37
Q

What are the 2 types of growth rings?

A
  • Thick rings

* Thin rings

38
Q

Thick rings

A

= warms years, good climate

39
Q

Thin rings

A

= less favourable climate

40
Q

What happens as secondary xylem becomes older?

A

it loses its transport function

41
Q

What are the 2 types of secondary xylem?

A
  • Heartwood

* Sapwood

42
Q

Heartwood

A

innermost secondary xylem, darker

43
Q

Sapwood

A

outmost (younger) secondary xylem, still does transport of water

44
Q

What does the epidermis get replaced by?

A

Gets replaced by the periderm

45
Q

What is the periderm composed of?

A

Composed of the cork cambium + cork cells

46
Q

Bark =

A

periderm + secondary phloem

47
Q

What happens if you remove a ring of bark from a tree?

A

the plant will die since it cannot transport photosynthates from the shoot to the root

48
Q

Lenticels

A

allow for gas exchange in the stems that have secondary growth

49
Q

What are the 3 Primary Meristems?

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Procambium
  3. Ground Meristem
50
Q

What are the 4 Primary Tissues?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Primary Phloem
  3. Primary Xylem
  4. Ground Tissue (Pith, Cortex)
51
Q

What does Ground Tissue include?

A

Pith & Cortex

52
Q

What are the 2 Lateral Meristems?

A
  1. Vascular Cambium

2. Cork Cambium

53
Q

What are 3 Secondary Tissues?

A
  1. Secondary Phloem
  2. Secondary Xylem
  3. Cork
54
Q

What makes up periderm?

A

Cork Cambium & Cork

55
Q

What are apart of Dermal Meristem/Tissue?

A
  • Protoderm
  • Epidermis
  • Cork Cambium
  • Cork
  • Periderm
56
Q

What is apart of Ground Meristem/Tissue?

A
  • Ground Meristem

- Ground Tissue (Pith, Cortex)

57
Q

What is apart of Vascular Meristem/Tissue?

A
  • Procambium
  • Primary Phloem & Xylem
  • Vascular Cambium
  • Secondary Phloem & Xylem
58
Q

What does development of the plant body include?

A

the production of cells from meristems, forming tissues, to forming organs

59
Q

Genetically controlled

A

one genotype can result in many phenotypes depending on different environments

60
Q

What is an example of genetically controlled?

A

Ex. Cabomba caroliniana forms two leaf types depending if it submerged or on the surface of water

61
Q

What are the 3 stages of development in the plant body?

A

1) Growth
2) Morphogenesis
3) Differentiation

62
Q

Describe the growth stage of the plant body development

A

irreversible change in size

63
Q

Describe the morphogenesis stage of plant body development

A

gives tissues, organs, bodies their shape and cell positions

64
Q

Describe the differentiation stage of plant body development

A

cells become different from one another

65
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana

A

is a plant model organism
• It is small, reproduces quickly, produces lots of seeds
• It has a relatively small genome (27,000 protein-coding genes), with 5 chromosomes
• Wide range of habitat types
• Result in different phenotypes, which can be studied

66
Q

What does flowering do?

A

shifts the plant from vegetative growth to reproductive growth

67
Q

Meristem identity genes

A

regulates floral formation when on

68
Q

What is genetic control of flowering trigged by?

A
  • Environment (light, temperature)

* Hormones

69
Q

What is the ABC model of flower formation?

A
  • A genes -> outer 2 whorls
  • B genes -> middle 2 whorls
  • C genes -> inner 2 whorls
70
Q

Sepals =

A

A

71
Q

Petals =

A

A + B

72
Q

Stamens =

A

B + C

73
Q

Carpels =

A

C

biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions