Phycological Theorys Flashcards
Theories of attachment
Attachment is a long lasting bond between two individuals
Specifically refuses to the bond between an infant and there primary caregiver
Who make Theory of attachment
Harry Harlow in 1958
What was Harry Harlow conclusion
Harry Harlow concluded that in theory of attachment ‘contact comfort’ was more important than feeding
Cognitive development
Cognitive development is a gradual and life long process that refuses to mental activities, like thinking, understanding and learning
Who came up with the cognitive development theory
Jean Piaget
What is the theory of cognitive development
During cognitive development the brain builds Schemas - mental structures that organise past and future experiences. Through the process of accomodation and assimilation
Assimilation
Stage is in cognitive development
Taking a in information and fitting it into part of an existing schema
Eg. Kid sees a trush called it a car
Accomodation
Changing or creating a new schema
Eg. A young child sees a car calles it a truck and then there mum explains the difference
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development and ages
Sensormotor -0-2
Pre operational 2-7
Concrete operational 7-13
Formal operational -13 onwards
Cognitive development sensorymotor stage
Age 0-2
Infants construct understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences.
2 key cognitive accomplishments
What are the key cognitive accomplishments for sensorimotor stage
- Object performance
-understanding than an object continues to exist even after the infant can no longer see it
2.Goal directed behaviour
Carrying out behaviour with a particular goal in mind
The pre operational stage
2-7
- able to assimilate and accommodate therefore think in more complex ways
-internally represent events - think and image things in there minds
Jean Piaget key accomplishments of cognitive development
-elephants and turtles can’t run
- Egocentrism (inability to see things from others view)
2.Animism (belief that everything has a consciousness)
3.transformation
(understanding that smt can change)
4.centration (focus on one thing at once)
5.reversibility (follow a sequence)
Operational state -cognitive development
Key accomplishment
Ages 7-12
Conservation -understanding that properties of a object can remind the same
Classification-Ability to organise objects or events into Categories (water and ice)
The formal operational stage
12 and onwards
More complex thoughts and thinking does not reply on being able to see things
Key cognitive development accomplishments- Formal stage
- Abstract thinking
- Logical thinking (think systematically)
Criticisms of Jean Paige’s theory of cognitive development
Small number of patients involving his kids
Overestimated young children’s Language ability
Who came up with Social development theory
Albert Bandura
What is the social development theory
Experiment
In Bunduras experiment children watched the behaviour of others, and the children resulting behaviour when examined
Social theory
Social behaviours are learnt primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others
These behaviours are influenced by rewards and or punished for actions
What are the elements of observational learning
Attention -learner actively
Retention -stores memory
Reproduction -act out behaviour
Motivation -must want and desire to learn
Reinforcement -reinforced or punished
What is Bunduras experience
And his aim
The social experiment
Investigated the effectiveness of observational learning in preschool children.
Knows as the Bo Bo doll experiment, aimed to investigate if aggression could be learnt through observational learning
What are the stages of Bunduras experiment
1: Modeling
2:Aggression arousal
3:Test for delayed imitation
State 1 of Bunduras experiment -Modelling explain
Initially children shown into a room containing toys and played in a corner for 10 minutes.
25 watched a male or female model behaving aggressively towards a toy called “Bobo doll” adults attached doll
Another 24 were exposed to a non-aggressive model
The final 24 were not exposed to any modle
Explain state 2 Banduras experiment - Aggression Arousal
Each child was taken into a room with toys
As soon as child started playing with toy the experimenter took them to achieve a feeling of anger
Stage 3: Bunduras experience
- Test for delayed imitation
The next room had aggressive toys and non aggressive toys
What were the results of Banduras experiment
Children who observed the aggressive model made far more imitative aggressive responses
The girls - showed physical aggression with males but verbally aggressive with other females
Boys- boys were more likely to copy other males
Overall boys were more aggressive
