Chapter 6 Judging And Perceiving Others

Question 1

what is person perspectives

Answer 1

refuses to the different processes used to understand and form impressions of other people

Question 2

what are the two types of person perception

Answer 2

directly: information provided from th person, and we are judging for example through observing them or interacting with them.

indirectly: through hearing about the person we are judging from another person or source.

Question 3

attributions

Answer 3

An attribution is an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of this evaluation.

• we try to understand why people behave the way they do.

Question 4

internal attributions (personal)

Answer 4

occurs when we judge behaviours as being caused by something personal within an individual

• age
  -gender
  -motivation
  -past behaviours
  -personality

Question 5

external situations

Answer 5

occurs when we determine the cause of a behaviour resulting from situational factors occurring outside the indavidal

• the environment
  -events

Question 6

fundamental attribution error definition

Answer 6

refuses to out tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors while ignoring possible external factors. this can lead to cognitive bias.

Question 6

cognitive process of attributions

Answer 6

step 1 - perception (observation of act)

step 2- recognition (councious determination acknolagment of behaviour)

step 3- attributing the cause of behaviour (figure out what person did)

Question 7

actor observer bias

Answer 7

tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or stituatonal factors, yet attribute others behaviours to internal

Question 8

self-serving bias

Answer 8

when judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for our success and deny responsibilities for failure, which is blamed on external situational factors.

Question 9

example effects of attributions on future actions

Answer 9

behaviour=failing a test
- internal attribution “I did not study hard enough”
- future behaviour = studding harder (leads to change)

external attribution = future behaviour, not studding more (no change)

Question 10

effects of attribution on future actions

Answer 10

the tendency and repeated patterns in age way someone makes attributions are referred to as their attributional style.

Question 11

attitudes definition

Answer 11

refuse sto an evaluation of stimuli, such as a person, object, event or idea. attitude can be positive or negative, or neutral.

Question 12

criteria for attitude formation

Answer 12

1.The attitude must be an evaluation of something

2. the attribution must be settled and stable
3. the attribution msg t be learnt through experience

Question 13

the tri-component model of attitudes

Answer 13

Affective - motivations and feelings

behavioural - outward and observable actions

cognitive - our thoughts and beliefs

Question 14

stereotyping

Answer 14

is a generalisation about a group, such s people, animals or objects.
- gender, race, age and wealth

Question 15

why do we stereotype

Answer 15

they allow us to perceive others and make sense of the social world by applying mental shortcuts.

• they can keep us safe, by allowing to judge someone and whether they are a threat or not
• they allow us to act socially appropriate

Question 16

what are some problems with stereotyping

Answer 16

because they are generalisations, they often lead to oversimplified and inaccurate judgments of inaviadals.

• most are negative rather than positive
• we ignore there individuality
• another problem is that it can lead to social stigma, negative labels and attributes accosiacted with disapproval or rejection of others

Question 17

cognitive dissonance

Answer 17

is the physical tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings or behaviours do not align with one another.

• key word tension

Question 18

example of cognitive dissonance

Answer 18

a person knows that cigarets are bad for them, (though) might still smoke at a party (behaviour) and smocking at the party may lead to feelings of phycological tension (cognitive dissonance) as they are aware this does not align with there thought.

Question 19

what is an example for why you may not feel cognitive dissonance

Answer 19

if you were aware of the potential consequence of the behaviour.
- you know ur actions were going to have negative impact

eg saving for a car, but by a jacket for ur birthday.

Question 21

First impressions

Answer 21

A type of person perception usually based on very little information. While long lasting first impressions tend to made less than a second

Question 22

Reducing cognitive dissonance

Answer 22

Change our thoughts to align with our behaviour
Change our behaviour to align with our thoughts

Question 23

Reducing cognitive dissonance

Answer 23

Change our thoughts to align with our behaviour
Change our behaviour to align with our thoughts

Question 24

Cognitive biases

Answer 24

Cognitive biases are unconscious systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is either rational or based on objective reality instead of following logic individuals? Distorts information to think about it in a way that is preferred to them

Question 25

Confirmation bias

Answer 25

The tendency to search for an accept information that supports our prior believes

Question 26

Halo effect

Answer 26

The tendency for the impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects.

One good quality = we generalised extend this belief to all other qualities

Question 27

False consensus bias

Answer 27

The tendency to over estimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do

Question 28

Self serving bias

Answer 28

The tendency to attribute positive success to our internal character and actions and attribute our failures to external factors

Fail- blame on external environment
Success - blame on internal factors

Question 29

Actor observer bias

Answer 29

The tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors and situational eyes causes while attributing other peoples actions to internal factors

Our behaviour- due to external environment
Other people - due to internal factors

Question 30

Huristics

Answer 30

Our information processing strategies or mental shortcuts that enable individuals to form judgements make decisions and solve problems creative and effectively

Initiative, rapid and automatic processes

Cognitive vices and heuristics are virtually the same. However cognitive biases are more so in relation to how we perceive the world and heuristics is more so in relation to our decision-making.

Question 31

Prejudice

Answer 31

Prejudice is a prejudgement that you make about others before interacting with them and it happens when stereotypes become beliefs

Question 32

Discrimination

Answer 32

Discrimination is the unjust treatment of people due to their membership with a certain social category. It is the behaviour that results from stereotypes and prejudice.

Age
Gender
Races
Sexual gender

Question 33

Direct discrimination

Answer 33

When someone is openly treated unfairly because of their association with a particular group

Eg not hiering someone as they are an immigrant

Question 34

Indirect discrimination

Answer 34

Occurs when our practice or blanket rule applies to all people and unfairly disadvantages a group or person as a result

When policy practice or rule applies to everyone

Question 35

Effects of prejudice and discrimination

Answer 35

Stigma

Question 36

Stigma

Answer 36

Stigma is the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual caused by being stereotypes and the resulting prejudice and discrimination that comes from that

Stigma may negatively affect relationships and interactions and result in feelings of isolation

Question 37

Types of stigma

Answer 37

Social stigma : negative label caused by widespread beliefs (stereotypes
Shelf-stigma - is a result of the internalisation of negative stereotypes and can lead to poor self efficiency and low self-esteem

Question 38

Effects of stigma

Answer 38

Damage or worse than self image and self-confidence
Heightened experience of stress
Increase suspect ability to mental health problems or disorders such as an anxiety and depression

Question 39

How to reduce prejudice and discrimination

Answer 39

Education - knowledge and information about the unknown

Inter- group contact - conversations, discussion and talking respectful questions

Social media- raising awareness and calling out prejudice and discrimination