Chapter 6 Judging And Perceiving Others Flashcards
what is person perspectives
refuses to the different processes used to understand and form impressions of other people
what are the two types of person perception
directly: information provided from th person, and we are judging for example through observing them or interacting with them.
indirectly: through hearing about the person we are judging from another person or source.
attributions
An attribution is an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of this evaluation.
- we try to understand why people behave the way they do.
internal attributions (personal)
occurs when we judge behaviours as being caused by something personal within an individual
- age
-gender
-motivation
-past behaviours
-personality
external situations
occurs when we determine the cause of a behaviour resulting from situational factors occurring outside the indavidal
- the environment
-events
fundamental attribution error definition
refuses to out tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors while ignoring possible external factors. this can lead to cognitive bias.
cognitive process of attributions
step 1 - perception (observation of act)
step 2- recognition (councious determination acknolagment of behaviour)
step 3- attributing the cause of behaviour (figure out what person did)
actor observer bias
tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or stituatonal factors, yet attribute others behaviours to internal
self-serving bias
when judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for our success and deny responsibilities for failure, which is blamed on external situational factors.
example effects of attributions on future actions
behaviour=failing a test
- internal attribution “I did not study hard enough”
- future behaviour = studding harder (leads to change)
external attribution = future behaviour, not studding more (no change)
effects of attribution on future actions
the tendency and repeated patterns in age way someone makes attributions are referred to as their attributional style.
attitudes definition
refuse sto an evaluation of stimuli, such as a person, object, event or idea. attitude can be positive or negative, or neutral.
criteria for attitude formation
1.The attitude must be an evaluation of something
- the attribution must be settled and stable
- the attribution msg t be learnt through experience
the tri-component model of attitudes
Affective - motivations and feelings
behavioural - outward and observable actions
cognitive - our thoughts and beliefs
stereotyping
is a generalisation about a group, such s people, animals or objects.
- gender, race, age and wealth
why do we stereotype
they allow us to perceive others and make sense of the social world by applying mental shortcuts.
- they can keep us safe, by allowing to judge someone and whether they are a threat or not
- they allow us to act socially appropriate
what are some problems with stereotyping
because they are generalisations, they often lead to oversimplified and inaccurate judgments of inaviadals.
- most are negative rather than positive
- we ignore there individuality
- another problem is that it can lead to social stigma, negative labels and attributes accosiacted with disapproval or rejection of others
cognitive dissonance
is the physical tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings or behaviours do not align with one another.
- key word tension
example of cognitive dissonance
a person knows that cigarets are bad for them, (though) might still smoke at a party (behaviour) and smocking at the party may lead to feelings of phycological tension (cognitive dissonance) as they are aware this does not align with there thought.
what is an example for why you may not feel cognitive dissonance
if you were aware of the potential consequence of the behaviour.
- you know ur actions were going to have negative impact
eg saving for a car, but by a jacket for ur birthday.
First impressions
A type of person perception usually based on very little information. While long lasting first impressions tend to made less than a second
Reducing cognitive dissonance
Change our thoughts to align with our behaviour
Change our behaviour to align with our thoughts
Reducing cognitive dissonance
Change our thoughts to align with our behaviour
Change our behaviour to align with our thoughts
Cognitive biases
Cognitive biases are unconscious systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is either rational or based on objective reality instead of following logic individuals? Distorts information to think about it in a way that is preferred to them
Confirmation bias
The tendency to search for an accept information that supports our prior believes
Halo effect
The tendency for the impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects.
One good quality = we generalised extend this belief to all other qualities
False consensus bias
The tendency to over estimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do
Self serving bias
The tendency to attribute positive success to our internal character and actions and attribute our failures to external factors
Fail- blame on external environment
Success - blame on internal factors
Actor observer bias
The tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors and situational eyes causes while attributing other peoples actions to internal factors
Our behaviour- due to external environment
Other people - due to internal factors
Huristics
Our information processing strategies or mental shortcuts that enable individuals to form judgements make decisions and solve problems creative and effectively
Initiative, rapid and automatic processes
Cognitive vices and heuristics are virtually the same. However cognitive biases are more so in relation to how we perceive the world and heuristics is more so in relation to our decision-making.
Prejudice
Prejudice is a prejudgement that you make about others before interacting with them and it happens when stereotypes become beliefs
Discrimination
Discrimination is the unjust treatment of people due to their membership with a certain social category. It is the behaviour that results from stereotypes and prejudice.
Age
Gender
Races
Sexual gender
Direct discrimination
When someone is openly treated unfairly because of their association with a particular group
Eg not hiering someone as they are an immigrant
Indirect discrimination
Occurs when our practice or blanket rule applies to all people and unfairly disadvantages a group or person as a result
When policy practice or rule applies to everyone
Effects of prejudice and discrimination
Stigma
Stigma
Stigma is the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual caused by being stereotypes and the resulting prejudice and discrimination that comes from that
Stigma may negatively affect relationships and interactions and result in feelings of isolation
Types of stigma
Social stigma : negative label caused by widespread beliefs (stereotypes
Shelf-stigma - is a result of the internalisation of negative stereotypes and can lead to poor self efficiency and low self-esteem
Effects of stigma
Damage or worse than self image and self-confidence
Heightened experience of stress
Increase suspect ability to mental health problems or disorders such as an anxiety and depression
How to reduce prejudice and discrimination
Education - knowledge and information about the unknown
Inter- group contact - conversations, discussion and talking respectful questions
Social media- raising awareness and calling out prejudice and discrimination
