phy Flashcards
1) 1 is the ___ it represents_____, it is positive in leads:___
2) 2 is the ____it represents______. It’s duration is normally __ and it is prolonged in _____
3) 2 is the _____, it represents _____, it is positive in leads:___
4) 4 is the ______, it coincides with ____of the ventricular action potential, it is normally isoelectric but elevated it suggest ______
5) 5 is the _____, it represents _________
6) 6 is the _____, it represents _______. It is positive because _____
7) 7 is the _____, it represents ______
1) P wave; atrial depolarization, all except AVR
2) PR interval; conduction from SA node to ventricle; 0.12 s; heart blocks
3) QRS; ventricular depolarization; all except AVR
4) ST segment; plateau; Myocardial infarction
5) QT interval; ventricular electricity
6) T wave; ventricular repolarization; last point to be depolarized is the 1st point to be repolarized
7) RR interval; one cardiac cycle
1) 1 is the ____, it represents ________
2) 2 is the _____, it represents _______
3) the duration of 2 is normally ______, it is prolonged in _____
4) 3 is the _____; it represents ________
5) 4 is the _____; it coincides with the _____of the ventricular action potential, it is normally isoelectric but if elevated suggests _______
6) 6 is the _____, it represents ______. It is positive because ____________________
1) P-wave; atrial depolarization
2) P-R interval; time needed for impulse to reach the ventricle.
3) 3-5 small squares; heart block
4) QRS complex; ventricular depolarization
5) S-T segment; plateau; myocardial infarction
6) T-wave; ventricular repolarization; the 1st part that depolarize in the ventricle is the last part to repolarize
Name each segment and describe it [represents what? Normal duration? importance]
1) P-wave. atrial depolarization. 0.08 seconds. negative in AVR and positive in all chest leads
2) P-R interval. Atrial depolarization and AV conduction. 0.2 seconds. Prolonged in 1st degree heart block.
3) QRS wave. Ventricular depolarization. 0.08 seconds. wide, bizarre in ventricular extra systole.
4) S-T segment. represents plateau in ventricular action potential, 0.16 seconds, elevated in myocardial infarction
5) Q-T interval. Ventricular depolarization and repolarization. 0.4 seconds
6) T wave. ventricular repolarization. 0.16. tall peak in hyperkalemia.
7) V-wave. Papillary muscle repolarization. Not constant in time.
What is the abnormality in the ECG drawing below? calculate the heart rate.
Sinus tachycardia. 1500/12=125 beats/min
1) in the above ECG drawing the R-R equals:
2) The heart rate of this person is
37 small squares
1500/37=40 beats/min
1) 1 is the _____, it represents ______
2) 2 is the _____, it represents ______, its duration is normally____, it is prolonged in ______
3) 3 is the ____, it represents _____
4) 4 is the _____, it coincides with the ______or the ventricular action potential, it is normally isoelectric but if elevated it suggest_______
5) 6 is the ______, it represents_______. This wave is positive because: _______________
1) Pwave; atrial depolarization
2) PR interval; conduction of electricity from SA node to AV node; 0.12 seconds; heart block
3) QRS; ventricular depolarization
4) ST; plateau; myocardial infarction
5) T wave; ventricular repolarization; last part to depolarize is the 1st part to repolarize
(1) match each of the following statements with the correct lettered points on the ECG.
a) The atria are depolarization:_____
b) Th ventricles are depolarizing:____
c)Both atria and ventricle are completely repolarized:______
(2) Calculate:
a)HR:__
b)P-R interval: _____
c) QT interval: _____
(3) What does the P-R interval on ECG represent? What is the normal value?
(4) How is the P-R interval affected in the above tracing?
(5) How does conduction velocity in the AV node compare conduction velocity in other portions in the heart? What is the physiological significance of the difference?
(1)
a) P b) QRS c) TP
(2)
a)HR: 1500/30=50/min
b) P-R interval: 9x0.04=0.36 seconds
c) QT interval: 10x 0.04= 0.4 seconds
(3) atrial depolarization + delay in AVN. Normal is 0.12
(4) Prolonged in 1st degree HB
(5) slow conduction in AVN. Enough time for ventricular filling before contractility.
In the figure below determine the auscultatory areas for the first heart sound. What is the causes and timing during cardiac cycle?
near the apex and at the xiphosternal junction
Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
3 is the ____, it represents:
a)
b)
c)
QRS
a) septal depolarization
b) ventricular wall depolarization
c) depolarization of the base
Lead I of the standard limb leads measures the potential difference between ______and________with the positive electrode at the ______
Right arm
Left arm
Left arm
In the figure below the ECG abnormality is: ____. It indicates: ___________
ST elevation
Myocardial infarction
In the figure below the ECG abnormality is
Irregular rhythm
The normal range of the electrical axis of the heart is from _____to ______
-30 to +90
Compare Rt and Lt axis deviation in range, occurs physiologically in and occurs pathologically in
Right axis deviation: more than +90, long stature and thin person, right ventricular enlargement
Left axis deviation: Less than -30, short stature obese or pregnant person, left ventricular enlargement
What is the auscultatory areas for the SECOND heart sound? Mention the cause and timing during cardiac cycle of the 2nd heart sound
Cause: closure of semilunar valves
Timing: isovolumetric relaxation
Describe the four heart sounds in site and sound heard
First: 2nd right intercostal space and aortic component of S2
Second: 2nd left intercostal space and pulmonary component of S2
Third: left lower parasternal and Tricuspid component of S1
Fourth: 5th left intercostal space and mitral component of S1
Compare first and second heart sounds in causes, site in cardiac cycle, duration and character (pitch)
First: closure of AV valves, isovolumetric contraction, 0.15 seconds and low pitch.
Second: closure of semilunar valves, isovolumetric relaxation, 0.12 sec and high pitch
What are murmurs? give an example
abnormal sound due to turbulent blood flow. Example is valve regurge
The a wave is
The c wave is
The v wave is
The x wave is
The y wave is
3-what is the clinical significance of the JVP tracing
4-What are the causes of:
a) Prominent a wave?
b) The absence of a wave
atrial systole
Bulging of cusps in atria
accumulation of venous return
Pulling of cups down
Blood leaves atria into the ventricle
3-denotes Right atrial pressure
4
a) right sided of heart failure
b) atrial fibrillation
What is the cause of the anacrotic limb, dicrotic notch and dicrotic wave.
Causes of: anacrotic limb –> aortic pressure increases to its maximum value
catacrotic limb –> aortic pressure decreases to its minimum value
dicrotic notch –> sharp drop of pressure ending with closure of aortic valve
dicrotic wave –> bouncing up of backwardly moving blood against the closed elastic aortic valve
Define Mean arterial blood pressure and state the formula
def: Mean pressure in large arteries during whole cardiac cycle
MAP= DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure
What is the mean BP in an artery 50 cm below the level of the heart while standing
50 x 0.77= 38.5
MAP+38.5=120+38.5= 158.5 mmHg
The palpatory method measure the _____pressure only
systolic
In the auscultatory method the systolic pressure is when the sound ______while the diastolic is when the sound ______
1st appear; disappears
