Biochemistry practice Flashcards

1
Q

pH is:

A

The negative value of Log [H+].

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2
Q

5 Buffers in body

A

(1) bicarbonate buffer (HCO3–/CO2),
(2) hemoglobin buffer (in erythrocytes),
(3) phosphate buffer,
(4) Acid protein buffer

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3
Q

Normal values of bicarbonate, PH, PCO2, PO2

A

HCO3: 22-26
PH: 7.35-7.45
PCO2: 35-45
PO2: 80-100%

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4
Q

4- Low ionic strength buffers give sharp bands and cause heat production so may denature protein

True or false?

A

false

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5
Q

What are the most common supporting media in electrophoresis

A

Agarose gel and Polyacrylamide gel

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6
Q

Enumerate five stains used in electrophoresis

A
  1. Bromophenol blue for proteins .
  2. Ninhydrin for amino acids .
  3. Sudan black for lipoproteins .
  4. Nitroblue tetrazolium for isoenzymes .
  5. lodine for polysaccharides
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7
Q

Factors affecting the velocity of migration of molecules

A

Electric field
Net charge of molecule
Friction coefficient
Buffers
Temperature

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8
Q

Three vectors are

A

Plasmid: double stranded circular; for small DNA fragments (10kb)

Phage: virus, for large DNA fragments (20kb)

cosmid: synthetic vector: large DNA fragments (50kb)

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9
Q

Requirements of PCR

A

a- Two oligonucleotide primers .
b- Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase ( Taq polymerase ) .
c- All the four dNTP’s
d- DNA to be amplified.
e- Buffers.

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10
Q

Application of PCR

A

1- It allows synthesis of DNA for sequencing or cloning .
2- Diagnosis study and of genetic disease e.g. sickle cell anemia .
3- Diagnosis of viral disease as HIV .
4- Synthesis of human proteins ( e.g. insulin ) , synthesis of vaccines ( e.g.
hepatitis B virus) and synthesis of antibodies ( e.g. monoclonal antibodies ) .
5- Gene therapy .
6- Forensic analysis .

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11
Q

enumerate 5 supporting medium

A

Paper
Cellulose acetate
Agar
Agarose gel (common)
Polyacrylamide gel (common)

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12
Q

PCR temp for: Denaturation, Primer annealing. elongation

A

95C, 50C, 72C

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13
Q

The greatest buffering capacity at physiological pH would be provided by a protein
rich in which of the following amino acids?

A

Histidine

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14
Q

A climber attempts an assault on a high mountain in the Andes and reaches an
altitude of 5000 meters (16,400 ft) above sea level. What will happen to his arterial
PCO2 and pH?

A

The pH will rise and PCO2 will fall

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15
Q

DNA cloning is used for

A

Amplification of DNA in vivo

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16
Q

Process of cloning

A
  1. Plasmid is isolated then cut with a restriction enzyme forming cohesive ends .
  2. The foreign DNA is cut by the same restriction enzyme .
  3. The cohesive ends of the foreign DNA anneal with the ends of the plasmid DNA and joined by DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid DNA .
  4. The recombinant plasmid DNA is introduced into bacteria by transformation .
  5. The bacterial cells are allowed to divide and the recombinant plasmid DNA undergoes replication and amplification.
17
Q

Metabolic acidosis is compensated by the kidney, true or false?

18
Q

Separation of molecules in electrophoresis is according to their charges and
molecular weight. true or false?

19
Q

Importance of buffers in electrophoresis

A

transmit electric current, adjust the pH and facilitate
migration of the substance.

20
Q

enumerate 3 mechanisms for regulation of pH

A

Buffers - respiration - kidney

21
Q

2 Methods for composition of buffers

A

A weak acid and its salt with strong base - A weak base and its salt with strong acid

22
Q

Advantages of bicarbonate buffer system

A
  • Present in higher concentrations than other buffers
  • Easily formed at the tissues
  • Easily corrected by respiration;
23
Q

1 physiological buffer linked to the kidneys & another 1 linked to the lungs

A

Phosphate - Bicarbonate buffer system

24
Q

The components of the electrophoresis unit.

A
  • Electrodes: Cathode (-ve) and anode (+ve) made of platinum better than stainless
  • Buffer reservoir
  • Support of electrophoretic medium
  • Transparent cover to prevent evaporation of the buffer
25
Two main cuts in DNA by restriction enzymes
Staggered cut Blunt ends
26
Effect of ketosis
electrolyte imbalance
27
Management of ketosis
1. IV glucose in starvation 2. IV glucose and insulin in DM 3. Bicarbonate to correct acidosis 4. K in case of hypokalemia 5. IV fluids in cases of dehydration