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BIOLOGY > Photosynthesis and respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the role of photosynthesis

A

process where energy from light is used to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide
light - chemical energy

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2
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6C02 +6H2O+ ENERGY —-> C6H12O6 +6O2

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3
Q

what is the role of respiration

A

plant and animal cells release enrgy from glucose to power biological processes

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4
Q

what are the two types of respiration

A

aerobic- uses oxygen

anaerobic- without oxygen

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5
Q

what does anaerobic respiration produce in plants and yeast

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

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6
Q

what does anaerobic respiration produce in animals

A

lactate

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7
Q

what makes atp a good energy source

A
  • only releases small amounts of energy at a time so no energy wasted as heat
  • small and soluble so easily transported
  • broken down easily so energy released instantaneously
  • use Pi via phosphorylation to make onther molecule more reactice
  • atp cannot pass out of cell so always there
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8
Q

define metabolic pathway

A

series of small reactions controlled by enzymes

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9
Q

define phosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to a molecule

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10
Q

define photophosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to a molecule using light

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11
Q

define photolysis

A

the splitting or lysis of a molecule using light

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12
Q

define photoionisation

A

light energy excites electrons giving them more energy to be releases
causes atom to become positively charged

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13
Q

what is a coenzyme

A

molecule that aids the function of an enzyme

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14
Q

how does a coenzyme work

A

transfers a chemical group from one molecule to another

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15
Q

what is the co enzyme in photosynthesis called and how is it used

A

NADP

transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another

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16
Q

what coenzymes are used in respiration

A

FAD- H
NAD- H
coenzyme A - transfers acelate

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17
Q

describe thylakoids in chloroplast

A

fluid filled sacs that are stacked up to form grana which are linked together by lammalae

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18
Q

what are photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts

A

coloured substances which absorb the light energy needed for phtotsynthesis found in thylakoids

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19
Q

what is photosystem

A

protein and pigment attached to eachother in thylakoid

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20
Q

what is stroma

A

gel like substance in chloroplast containing enzymes sugars and organic acids

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21
Q

what are the stages of photosynthesis

A

light dependent and light independent stages

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22
Q

explain light dependent stage of phtotosynthesis

A

1-takes place in thylakoid membranes

2- light energy is absorbed by chlorphyllin the photosystems, this excites the electrons in the chlorphyll leading to there release- chlorophyll has been photoionised

3- some of the energy released is used to add a phosphate group to ADP
and some enrergy is used to reduce NADP inot reduced NADP

4-NADP transfers H to light independent stage

5- during process h2o reduced to o2

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23
Q

explain light independent stage of photosynthesis

A

Calvin Cycle
1-takes place in the stroma
2- Atp and reduced NADP supply energy and hydrogen to make simple sugars from co2

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24
Q

what are electron carriers

A

proteins that transfer electrons

25
Q

stages of light dependent reaction

A

1- light energy absorbed in PSII
excite e- in chlorophyll
e- moves to higher energy level
e- released from chlorophyll and moves down electron transport chain to PSI

2-as e- left PSII needs to be replaced
light energy splits water (photolysis)
H20-> 2H+ + 1/2O2

3-e- looses energy as it goes down ETC
this energy used to transport protons to thylakoid
causes proten gradient between thylakoid and
stroma
proton move down gradient to stroma viaATP
synthase
this energy combines adp and pi =ATP

4-light energy again absorbed by PSI
excites e- to even higher energy level
electrons transfered to NADP with proton from stroma to make reduced NADP

26
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

process of electrons flowing down electron transport chain creating gradient to drive atp synthesis

27
Q

what cyclic photophosphorylation

A

only uses PSI
electrons arent passed on to NADP they are returned to PSI
so no reduced NADP made

28
Q

where does calvin cycle take place

A

stroma

29
Q

what are the three names of steps for calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation
reduction
regeneration

30
Q

explain calvin cycle

A

CARBON FIXATION

  • CO2 enters via stomata into stroma
  • CO2 combines w/ RuBP- catalysed by rubisco
  • makes 6 carbon chain compound- unstable so breaks down into GP x 2

REDUCTION

  • hydrolysis of ATP from LDR gives energy for turning GP into TP(another 3 c chain)
  • reaction requires H+ which comes from the reduced NADP
  • some TP converted to glucose etc others continues in cycle to regenerate Rubp

REGENERATION
-5/6 TPs made used to regenrate RuBP - using rest of ATP made from LDR

31
Q

how carbs made in terms of tp/gp

A

two tp make hexose sugar

32
Q

how lipids made in terms of gp / tp

A

made using glycerol whihc is synthesised from tp

and fatty acids are synthesised from gp

33
Q

how amino acids made in terms of tp/gp

A

some amino acids made from gp

34
Q

how many turns of calvin cylce makes one hexose sugar

A

6

35
Q

why is 25 degrees optimum temp for photosyntheis

A

if lower enzymes are inactive if higher enzymes denature

36
Q

what is optimum co2 level for phtosynthesis

A

0.4% as higher would start to close stomata

37
Q

how is co2 levels kept optimum in glasshouses

A

burn small amounts of propane in c02 generator

38
Q

how light kept optimum in glasshouse

A

lamp

39
Q

how temp kept optimum in glasshouse

A

heaters and circulation systems

40
Q

what is the first stage of both anearobic and aerobic respiration

A

glycolosis

41
Q

where does glycolosis take place

A

cytoplasm

42
Q

under what conditions must glycolosis take place

A

anaerobic - doesnt need oxygen

43
Q

explain phosphorylation stage of glycolosis

first stage

A

1- glucose phosphorylated using pi from atp creating 1 mol glucose phosphat & adp

2-another pi is added from atp making hexose biphosphate

3-hexose biphosphate split into two molecules of triose phosphate

44
Q

explain second stage of glycolosis - oxidation

A

1- triose phosphate is oxidised (looses h) making two molecules of pyruvate

2- NAD collects these hydrogens making 2x reduced NAD

3-4 ATP produced but two used so net gain 2

45
Q

what happens to the pyruvate produced in glycolosis for anaerobic respiration

A

converted to ethanol or lactate using reduced NAD

this process regenerstes oxidised NAD so glycolosis can continue

46
Q

where are the two molecukes of pyruvate tranfered to after glycolosis for aerobic respiration

A

mitochondrial matrix for link reaction

47
Q

explain the link reaction in aerobic respiration

A

1- pyruvate decarboxylated (loose co2)
2-pyruvate then oxidised forming acetate and Nad reduced
3-acetate combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coA
4- no ATP produced

48
Q

how many times does link reaction happen for every glucose molecule

A

twice

49
Q

what is produced by link reaction and where do these substances go

A

1- 2x acetyl CoA which go into krebs cycle

2- 2x co2 waste product

3- 2x reduced NAD - go to oxidative phosphorlation

50
Q

where does krebs cyle take place

A

matrix of mitochondria

51
Q

how many times krebs cycle happens

A

once per pyruvate so twice per glucose

52
Q

first stage of krebs cycle

A

1- acetyle coa combines with 4C molecule making 6C molecule

2- coa goes back to link reaction

53
Q

second stage of krebs cycle

A

1-6C molecule converted to 5C molecule
2-decarboxylation occurs
3-dehydrogenation also occurs
4- hydrogen used to make reduced NAD

54
Q

third stage of krebs cycle

A

1- 5C molecule converted into 4C molecule

2- decoarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur producing reduced FAD and 2x reduced NAD

3-ATP produced form substrate level phosphorylation

55
Q

how does oxidative phosphorylation work

A

1- when reduced FAD and NAD are oxidised hydrogen hatoms released which are split into e- and h+

2- electrons move down ETC loosing enegry at each carrier

3- energy used by the electron carriers to pump protons from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space

4- conc of protons now higher in intermembrane spce than matric so electrochemical gradient made

5- protons move down gradient into matrix via ATP synthase- this movement synthesises atp

6-in matrix protons electrons and o2 make water - o2 is final electron acceptor

56
Q

whats chemiosmosis

A

Process of ATP production driven by movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane

57
Q

how does mitochondrial diseases effect atp production

A

effect how proteins are invovled in oxidative phosphorylation or krebs cycle

58
Q

how mitochondrial disease effects humans

A

less atp produced
increases in anaerobic respirationto make up shortage
can result in lots lactate being produced which can lead fatigue weakness
lactate could diffuse into bloodstream

BIOLOGY (20 decks)

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