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BIOLOGY > 1B- more biological molecules > Flashcards

1B- more biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

used to store genetic information-the instructions a organism needs to grow and develop from a fertilised egg to adult

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2
Q

what is RNA

A

main function is to transfer generic info from DNA to ribosomes

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3
Q

info on ribosomes

A

the bodies protein factories -they read the RNA to make polypeptides one process translation

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4
Q

What is a nucleotide made from

A
  • 1 pentode sugar (sugar w/5 carbon atoms)
  • 1 nitrogen-containing organic base
  • 1 phosphate group
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5
Q

what are DNA and RNA polymers of

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

what is the sugar in DNA called

A

Deoxyribose

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7
Q

What are the four possible bases in a DNA nucleotide

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

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8
Q

what is the sugar in RNA called

A

ribose

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9
Q

what are the four possible bases in RNA

A

A,C,G

and Uracil (U)

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10
Q

What is polynucleotide

A

a polymer of nucleotide

both DNA and RNA

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11
Q

how do nucleotides join

A

condensation reaction between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another

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12
Q

what bond forms between nucleotides joining

A

phosphodiester bond

consisting the phosphate group and two ester bonds

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13
Q

what is sugar-phosphate backbone

A

chain of sugars and phosphates

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14
Q

What is DNA made from

A

two DNA polynucleotides strands join together by hydrogen bonding between the bases
each base can only bond with another particular base this is called complementary base pairing

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15
Q

What does Adenine always bond with

A

thymine

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16
Q

what does cytosine always bond with

A

guanine

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17
Q

how many H bonds form between A-T

A

two

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18
Q

how many H Bonds form between C-G

A

three

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19
Q

how is the DNA double helix formed

A

two antiparallel polynucleotides strands twist

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20
Q

in 1800s what did some argue about DNA

A

DNA has too simple chemical composition and genetic info must be carried by proteins instead

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21
Q

when and who found DNA was the carrier of genetic code

A

1953 Watson Crick

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22
Q

what is RNA

A

made from single polynucleotide chain much shorter than DNA polynucleotide

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23
Q

what is semi conservative replication

A

DNA copies itself before cell division so new cell has full amount of DNA method called semiconservative replication as half the strands in each new DNA molecule are from the original DNA molecule meaning there is genetic continuity between generations of cells

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24
Q

first stage of DNA replication

A

enzyme helices breaks down H bonds between bases making helix unwind making two single strands

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25
second stage of DNA replication
each original strand acts as a template for new strand | complementary base pairing causes free flowing DNA molecules are attracted to their complementary exposed base
26
third stage of DNA replication
condensation reaction joins the nucleotides of new strands together-catalysed by DNA polymerase H bonds form between bases of new and original strand
27
fourth stage of DNA replication
each new DNA molecule contains one new and one old strand
28
How are each end of the DNA strand slightly different
One end is called 3 prime and one end is called the five prime and in DNA helix the strands run in opposite directions antiparallel
29
Which end of the DNA strand is the active site of DNA polymerise complimentary to
Three prime end so the enzyme can only add nucleotides to new strand at three prime end
30
In what metabolic reactions is water a metabolite
condensation and hydrolysis
31
How does water help with temperature control
It has a high latent heat of vaporisation and a high specific heat capacity
32
What property does water have which helps water transport in plants
Water is cohesive it sticks together
33
How is water having a high latent heat of vaporisation useful
Useful for living organisms as it means they can use water loss to evaporation to go down without losing too much water
34
What does high latent heat of vaporisation mean
A lot of energy is used up when water evaporates
35
HOW CAN WATER BUFFER CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE
H bonds between water molecules can absorb a lot of energy | so water has high specific heat cpacity and takes a lot of energy to gheat up
36
why is water being a buffer to change in temperature helpful
make swater good habitat as temp underwater is more likely to be stable temp than land water inside organisms also stay stable helping them MAINTAIN CONSTANT INTERNAL BODY TEMPERATURE
37
How is water a good solvent
as it is polar and can completely surround ions
38
what does cohesion mean
attraction between molecules of the same type
39
why is water very cohesive
as its polar
40
why is good cohesion useful
helps water flow so very helpful in transporting substances
41
how does cohesion help sweat
water has a high surface tension comes into contact with and this causes sweat to form droplets which evaporate from skin to call organism down
42
where do plants and animal cells release energy from
glucose, during respiration
43
As a cell can't get it energy directly from glucose what does the cell do instead
In respiration energy released from glucose is used to make ATP
44
whats ATP
adenosine triphosphate
45
describe ATP structure
nucleotide base - ADENINE ribose sugar and three phosphate groups
46
How is the energy in ATP stored
In high energy bonds between the phosphate groups it's released via hydrolysis reaction
47
When energy is needed by a cell what is ATP broken down into
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate)
48
Describe reaction of ATP into ADP + PI
Hydrolysis reaction phosphate bond is broken and energy is released
49
reaction of ATP into ADP + PI - what c atalyses this reaction
ATP hydrolase
50
How is energy lost as heat loss reduced during ATP hydrolysis
ATP hydrolysis can be coupled to other energy requiring reactions in the cell meaning energy can be used directly to make couples reactions happen rather than being lost as heat
51
How can inorganic phosphate be used
Added to another compound which makes the compound more reactive known as phosphorylation
52
What happens to ATP during respiration and photosynthesis
ATP is resynthesised in a condensation reaction between ADP and PI
53
What enzyme catalyse the reaction of ATP resinthesis
ATP synthase
54
What is an island with a positive charge called
cation | negative is anion
55
What is an inorganic ions
An ion which doesn't contain carbon
56
what are iron ions in
Are important part of haemoglobin
57
What is haemoglobin
Large protein that carries oxygen around the body in red blood cells
58
What is haemoglobin made up of
For different polypeptide chains each with an iron ion in the centre
59
What does the iron 2+ ions do in the haemoglobin
Finds the oxygen to the haemoglobin when the oxygen is found the FE2 plus ion temporary becomes an FE3 plus iron until oxygen is released
60
What do hydrogen ions do
Determine pH
61
How does hydrogen ions determine pH
More H ions present ,the lower the PH and more acidic the environment
62
What do sodium ions do
Help transport glucose and amino acids across the membranes
63
How are phosphate ions useful
Essential component of ATP and DNA phosphate groups in ATP store energy phosphate groups in DNA allow nucleotides to join up to form polynucleotides

BIOLOGY (20 decks)

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