Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY > 1B- more biological molecules > Flashcards

1B- more biological molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

used to store genetic information-the instructions a organism needs to grow and develop from a fertilised egg to adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is RNA

A

main function is to transfer generic info from DNA to ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

info on ribosomes

A

the bodies protein factories -they read the RNA to make polypeptides one process translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a nucleotide made from

A
  • 1 pentode sugar (sugar w/5 carbon atoms)
  • 1 nitrogen-containing organic base
  • 1 phosphate group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are DNA and RNA polymers of

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the sugar in DNA called

A

Deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four possible bases in a DNA nucleotide

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the sugar in RNA called

A

ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the four possible bases in RNA

A

A,C,G

and Uracil (U)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is polynucleotide

A

a polymer of nucleotide

both DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do nucleotides join

A

condensation reaction between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what bond forms between nucleotides joining

A

phosphodiester bond

consisting the phosphate group and two ester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is sugar-phosphate backbone

A

chain of sugars and phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is DNA made from

A

two DNA polynucleotides strands join together by hydrogen bonding between the bases
each base can only bond with another particular base this is called complementary base pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does Adenine always bond with

A

thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does cytosine always bond with

A

guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many H bonds form between A-T

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many H Bonds form between C-G

A

three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is the DNA double helix formed

A

two antiparallel polynucleotides strands twist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in 1800s what did some argue about DNA

A

DNA has too simple chemical composition and genetic info must be carried by proteins instead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when and who found DNA was the carrier of genetic code

A

1953 Watson Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is RNA

A

made from single polynucleotide chain much shorter than DNA polynucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is semi conservative replication

A

DNA copies itself before cell division so new cell has full amount of DNA method called semiconservative replication as half the strands in each new DNA molecule are from the original DNA molecule meaning there is genetic continuity between generations of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

first stage of DNA replication

A

enzyme helices breaks down H bonds between bases making helix unwind making two single strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

second stage of DNA replication

A

each original strand acts as a template for new strand

complementary base pairing causes free flowing DNA molecules are attracted to their complementary exposed base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

third stage of DNA replication

A

condensation reaction joins the nucleotides of new strands together-catalysed by DNA polymerase
H bonds form between bases of new and original strand

27
Q

fourth stage of DNA replication

A

each new DNA molecule contains one new and one old strand

28
Q

How are each end of the DNA strand slightly different

A

One end is called 3 prime and one end is called the five prime and in DNA helix the strands run in opposite directions antiparallel

29
Q

Which end of the DNA strand is the active site of DNA polymerise complimentary to

A

Three prime end so the enzyme can only add nucleotides to new strand at three prime end

30
Q

In what metabolic reactions is water a metabolite

A

condensation and hydrolysis

31
Q

How does water help with temperature control

A

It has a high latent heat of vaporisation and a high specific heat capacity

32
Q

What property does water have which helps water transport in plants

A

Water is cohesive it sticks together

33
Q

How is water having a high latent heat of vaporisation useful

A

Useful for living organisms as it means they can use water loss to evaporation to go down without losing too much water

34
Q

What does high latent heat of vaporisation mean

A

A lot of energy is used up when water evaporates

35
Q

HOW CAN WATER BUFFER CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE

A

H bonds between water molecules can absorb a lot of energy

so water has high specific heat cpacity and takes a lot of energy to gheat up

36
Q

why is water being a buffer to change in temperature helpful

A

make swater good habitat as temp underwater is more likely to be stable temp than land
water inside organisms also stay stable helping them MAINTAIN CONSTANT INTERNAL BODY TEMPERATURE

37
Q

How is water a good solvent

A

as it is polar and can completely surround ions

38
Q

what does cohesion mean

A

attraction between molecules of the same type

39
Q

why is water very cohesive

A

as its polar

40
Q

why is good cohesion useful

A

helps water flow so very helpful in transporting substances

41
Q

how does cohesion help sweat

A

water has a high surface tension comes into contact with and this causes sweat to form droplets which evaporate from skin to call organism down

42
Q

where do plants and animal cells release energy from

A

glucose, during respiration

43
Q

As a cell can’t get it energy directly from glucose what does the cell do instead

A

In respiration energy released from glucose is used to make ATP

44
Q

whats ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

45
Q

describe ATP structure

A

nucleotide base - ADENINE
ribose sugar
and three phosphate groups

46
Q

How is the energy in ATP stored

A

In high energy bonds between the phosphate groups it’s released via hydrolysis reaction

47
Q

When energy is needed by a cell what is ATP broken down into

A

ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate)

48
Q

Describe reaction of ATP into ADP + PI

A

Hydrolysis reaction phosphate bond is broken and energy is released

49
Q

reaction of ATP into ADP + PI - what c atalyses this reaction

A

ATP hydrolase

50
Q

How is energy lost as heat loss reduced during ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP hydrolysis can be coupled to other energy requiring reactions in the cell meaning energy can be used directly to make couples reactions happen rather than being lost as heat

51
Q

How can inorganic phosphate be used

A

Added to another compound which makes the compound more reactive
known as phosphorylation

52
Q

What happens to ATP during respiration and photosynthesis

A

ATP is resynthesised in a condensation reaction between ADP and PI

53
Q

What enzyme catalyse the reaction of ATP resinthesis

A

ATP synthase

54
Q

What is an island with a positive charge called

A

cation

negative is anion

55
Q

What is an inorganic ions

A

An ion which doesn’t contain carbon

56
Q

what are iron ions in

A

Are important part of haemoglobin

57
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

Large protein that carries oxygen around the body in red blood cells

58
Q

What is haemoglobin made up of

A

For different polypeptide chains each with an iron ion in the centre

59
Q

What does the iron 2+ ions do in the haemoglobin

A

Finds the oxygen to the haemoglobin when the oxygen is found the FE2 plus ion temporary becomes an FE3 plus iron until oxygen is released

60
Q

What do hydrogen ions do

A

Determine pH

61
Q

How does hydrogen ions determine pH

A

More H ions present ,the lower the PH and more acidic the environment

62
Q

What do sodium ions do

A

Help transport glucose and amino acids across the membranes

63
Q

How are phosphate ions useful

A

Essential component of ATP and DNA
phosphate groups in ATP store energy
phosphate groups in DNA allow nucleotides to join up to form polynucleotides

BIOLOGY (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions