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CSD 155 > Phonation > Flashcards

Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

biological functions of the LARYNX

A
  • protects from foreign objects

- valving to shut off airflow for behaviors in which fixation of the thorax is necessary

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2
Q

NON-biological functions of the LARYNX

A
  • sound source

- provides the source for voiced speech

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3
Q

hyoid bone

A 
*structure of the larynx*
most superior part of the larynx
located at the root of the tongue
only bone in the larynx
palpate with hands to determine firmness, size, shape, and location
held in position by hyoid sling
attachment for laryngeal muscles - 23
non-paired, non-articulate with any other bone
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4
Q

cartilages of the larynx

A

9 TOTAL

thyroid - 1
cricoid - 2
epiglottis - 1
arytenoids - 2
cuneiform - 2
corniculate - 2
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5
Q

landmarks of thyroid cartilage

A

thyroid notch - palpable notch at midline
laminae - plate
angle of thyroid - more acute in males
anterior attachment for vocal folds
inferior horn (cornu): extends toward cricoid
superior horn (cornu): extends toward hyoid

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6
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

signet ring
above the top - more tracheal ring
landmarks:
- anterior arch (thinnest): “bottom” of ring shape
- posterior quadrate laminae large square-shaped surface - lateral articular facets for cricothyroid joint
- superior circoid notch: posterior-superior landmark between between arytenoids

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7
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A
  • ride on cricoid, base & 3 sides
    landmarks:
  • vocal processes - extends anteriorly near the midline provides point of attachment for vocal folds & ligaments
  • apex: where the corniculates sit, aryepiglottic fold attached
  • muscular process: extends out to the side, provides a point of attachment of the PCA & LCA muscles
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8
Q

corniculate cartilages

A

“cap” on arytenoids - vestigial cartilages

  • sits on top
    function: perhaps assists in force adduction
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9
Q

epiglottis

A

midline, leaf-like cartilage
stalk extends down into larynx
functionally closes off larynx when necessary

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10
Q

cuneiform cartilages

A

embedded in aryepiglottis folds

  • -> floaters
  • -> support & stiffen aryepiglottic folds - especially functional in closing & opening larynx during swallow
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11
Q

cricoarytenoid joint

A 
*laryngeal joint*
cricoid articular facet
arytenoid facet (concave)
saddle joint: base of arytenoid permits some rotation (in horizontal plane) & rocking (anteriorly - posteriorly) & gliding (laterally-medially)
allows folds to be adducted and abducted
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12
Q

cricothyroid joint

A

laryngeal joint
between lateral cricoid surface & inferior horn of the thyroid
increase tension on vocal folds
used for pitch adjustment
rock forward: increases tension (increase between arytenoids & anterior thyroid)

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13
Q

superglottal space

A

vestibule: area above the false vocal folds
epiglottis in front
aryepiglottic fold = superior margin of vestibule
ventricular folds = inferior boundary of aditus

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14
Q

pyriform sinus

A

bounded laterally by thyroid cartilage & membrane
food trapped during swallow - esophagus doesn’t open
UES - Upper Esophageal Sphincter

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15
Q

valleculae

A

“little valleys”
between root of tongue & epiglottis
food trapped during swallow if swallow is passive

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16
Q

laryngeal ventricle

A

aka laryngeal sinus
between true & false vocal folds
inside = mucous glad

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17
Q

infraglottal space

A

superior margin = vocal fold
inferior margin = cricoid cartilage
lined with ciliated beating epithelium from bronchi all the way to the vocal folds

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18
Q

vocal folds (plicae vocalis)

A

beneath false folds
under ventricle
attach interior of thyroid angle
made of 2 muscles, ligament, epithelial membrane

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19
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

one attachment to laryngeal structure, one attachment outside

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20
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

origin & insertion are within the larynx
muscles attached to structure only within the larynx
adjustment for phonation
actions: adduction, abduction, tensor, relaxer
5 - LCA, IA, PCA, CT, thyroarytenoid

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21
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA)

A

instrinsic muscle
attaches to cricoid & arytenoid
main muscle for closing the vocal folds
origin: superior lateral surface, cricoid
course: up & back
insertion: muscular process arytenoid
function: adduct vocal folds & increase medial compression
innervation: x vagus recurrent laryngeal nerve

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22
Q

transverse arytenoid

A

origin: lateral margin, posterior arytenoid
course: laterally
insertion: lateral margin of opposite arytenoid
function: adduct vocal folds
innervation: x vagus recurrent laryngeal

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23
Q

oblique arytenoid

A

origin: posterior base of muscular process
course: obliquely up
insertion: apex of opposite arytenoid
function: adducts vocal fold
innervation: x vagus recurrent laryngeal nerve

24
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)

A

origin: posterior cricoid lamina
course: up & out
insertion: muscle process of arytenoid
function: abducts vocal folds
innervation; x vagus recurrent laryngeal nerve

25
Q

cricothyroid (CT)

A

cricothyroid pars recta
cricothyroid pars oblique
muscles run from anterior surface of cricoid to anterolateral, internal surface of thyroid
cause vocal folds to elongate
muscles cause sliding in anterior-post direction

26
Q

CT pars oblique

A

course: superiorly & posteriorly
- short, fat pair of muscles causing movement about the cricothyroid joint
- -> downward tilting of thyroid or upward tilting of cricoid

27
Q

CT pars recta

A

course: vertical

same as pars oblique

28
Q

thyroarytenoid (TA)

A

main mass referred to as vocal folds
runs from anterior commissure on deep surface of thyroid cartilage (just below thyroid notch) back to vocal process of arytenoids
innervation: x vagus recurrent laryngeal nerve

29
Q

thyromuscularis

A

lateral-most portion of vocal folds (muscular process of arytenoid)
function: relax vocal fold

30
Q

thyrovocalis muscle

A

medial-most portion of vocal folds (vocal process of arytenoid)
function: tense vocal folds

31
Q

suprahyoids (Laryngeal Elevators)

A 
muscles that attach to the hyoid (4) and structures above hyoid - tongue (2)
digastrics
stylohyoid
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
32
Q

infrahyoids (laryngeal depressors)

A

muscles that attach to hyoid and structures below hyoid
sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid

33
Q

digastricus anterior

A

elevate and forward

origin: inner surface mandible
course: medially and down
insertion: hyoid via intermediate tendon
function: draws hyoid up
innervation: v trigeminal nerve

34
Q

digastricus posterior

A

elevate and back

origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
course: medially and down
insertion: elevate and retract hyoid
innervation: VII facial nerve

35
Q

stylohyoid

A

elevate and retract

origin: styloid process of temporal bone
course: medially down
insertion: corpus hyoid
function: elevate and retract hyoid
innervation: VII facial nerve

36
Q

geniohyoid

A

elevate and forward

origin: inner surface of mandible on mental spines
course: back and down
insertion: corpus hyoid
function: elevate hyoid, depress mandible
innervatiokn: XII hypoglossal & C1

37
Q

mylohyoid

A

elevate and forward

origin: mylohyoid line of inner mandible
course: fanlike median fibrous raphe and hyoid
insertion: corpus hyoid
function: elevate hyoid, depress mandible
innervation: V trigeminal

38
Q

omohyoid (superior head)

A 
2 bellies from upper border of scapula  by way of an intermediate tendon at the sternum to the greater horn of the hyioid
origin: corpus hyoid
course: down
insertion: intermediate tendon
function: depress hyoid
innervation: c1
note the nontraditional origin/insertion
39
Q

omohyoid (inferior head)

A

origin: upper border scapula
course: down & laterally
insertion: intermediate tendon
function: depress hyoid
innervation: C2, C3
note the nontraditional origin/insertion

40
Q

sternothyroid

A

origin: manubrium sterni
course: up
insertion: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
function: depress laryx
innervation: spinal C1

41
Q

sternohyoid

A

from the manubrium to the body of the hyoid

42
Q

thyrohyoid

A

origin: oblique line of thyroid cart
course: up
insertion: greater horn, hyoid
function: depress hyoid and elevate larynx
innervation: spinal C1

43
Q

epithelium

A

superficial lamina propria
intermediate lamina propria
deep lamina propria
intermediate & deep = vocal ligaments

44
Q

cover-body concept of vocal-folds

A

cover = epithelial and connective tissue layers
body = muscle layer
thyrovocalis + thyromuscularis

45
Q

squamous epithelium (SE)

A

outer layer
maintains shape of vocal folds
protects vocal folds
helps keep vocal folds hydrated (barrier to dehydration)

46
Q

basement membrane (second layer)

A

between epithelium and superficial lamina propria
holds epithelium to superficial layer of lamina propria
made up of collagen: fibrous & strong

47
Q

lamina propria (LP)

A

connective tissue that lies beneath mucosal epithelia throughout body

48
Q

superficial lamina propria (SLP)

A

third layer
lamina prorpia consists of extracellular matrix (nonliving structural tissue, found in connective tissues)
mostly loose fibrous and elastic components in a matrix
is actually a “space” or “matrix”
“mass of soft gelatin”
cushions vocal folds

49
Q

intermediate lamina propria (ILP)

A

third layer
adds elastic mechanical integrity
consistency of a “bundle of soft rubber bands”
it is composed of mostly elastic fibers

50
Q

deep lamina propria (DLP)

A

fourth layer
not as elastic
composed of mostly collagenous fibers
contributes to the durability of the layer

51
Q

thyrovocalis

A

fifth layer
passive & active qualities
passively: consistency of “stiff rubber bands”
active: contractile properties control stiffness

52
Q

layers contribute to vibratory characteristics of vocal folds

A

outer: maintain structure
basement: attaches epithelial tightly to SLP
SLP: gelatinous, cushion
ILP: highly elastic
DLP: strong
muscle adjusts tension

53
Q

indirect laryngoscopy

A

uses a “mirror-on-a-stick”; common

54
Q

direct laryngoscopy

A

rigid endoscope inserted into patient’s oropharynx - highest quality view

55
Q

fiber optic endoscopy

A

fiber optic transmission of light, more flexible, more comfortable

56
Q

stroboscopy

A

rigid scope, strobe allows view of movement of vocal folds

57
Q

electromyorgaphy (EMG)

A

wires attached to laryngeal muscles (surface of pins) to measure voltage change with associated muscle action

CSD 155 (16 decks)

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