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CSD 155 > Phonation > Flashcards

Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

biological functions of the LARYNX

A
  • protects from foreign objects

- valving to shut off airflow for behaviors in which fixation of the thorax is necessary

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2
Q

NON-biological functions of the LARYNX

A
  • sound source

- provides the source for voiced speech

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3
Q

hyoid bone

A 
*structure of the larynx*
most superior part of the larynx
located at the root of the tongue
only bone in the larynx
palpate with hands to determine firmness, size, shape, and location
held in position by hyoid sling
attachment for laryngeal muscles - 23
non-paired, non-articulate with any other bone
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4
Q

cartilages of the larynx

A

9 TOTAL

thyroid - 1
cricoid - 2
epiglottis - 1
arytenoids - 2
cuneiform - 2
corniculate - 2
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5
Q

landmarks of thyroid cartilage

A

thyroid notch - palpable notch at midline
laminae - plate
angle of thyroid - more acute in males
anterior attachment for vocal folds
inferior horn (cornu): extends toward cricoid
superior horn (cornu): extends toward hyoid

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6
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

signet ring
above the top - more tracheal ring
landmarks:
- anterior arch (thinnest): “bottom” of ring shape
- posterior quadrate laminae large square-shaped surface - lateral articular facets for cricothyroid joint
- superior circoid notch: posterior-superior landmark between between arytenoids

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7
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A
  • ride on cricoid, base & 3 sides
    landmarks:
  • vocal processes - extends anteriorly near the midline provides point of attachment for vocal folds & ligaments
  • apex: where the corniculates sit, aryepiglottic fold attached
  • muscular process: extends out to the side, provides a point of attachment of the PCA & LCA muscles
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8
Q

corniculate cartilages

A

“cap” on arytenoids - vestigial cartilages

  • sits on top
    function: perhaps assists in force adduction
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9
Q

epiglottis

A

midline, leaf-like cartilage
stalk extends down into larynx
functionally closes off larynx when necessary

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10
Q

cuneiform cartilages

A

embedded in aryepiglottis folds

  • -> floaters
  • -> support & stiffen aryepiglottic folds - especially functional in closing & opening larynx during swallow
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11
Q

cricoarytenoid joint

A 
*laryngeal joint*
cricoid articular facet
arytenoid facet (concave)
saddle joint: base of arytenoid permits some rotation (in horizontal plane) & rocking (anteriorly - posteriorly) & gliding (laterally-medially)
allows folds to be adducted and abducted
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12
Q

cricothyroid joint

A

laryngeal joint
between lateral cricoid surface & inferior horn of the thyroid
increase tension on vocal folds
used for pitch adjustment
rock forward: increases tension (increase between arytenoids & anterior thyroid)

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13
Q

superglottal space

A

vestibule: area above the false vocal folds
epiglottis in front
aryepiglottic fold = superior margin of vestibule
ventricular folds = inferior boundary of aditus

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14
Q

pyriform sinus

A

bounded laterally by thyroid cartilage & membrane
food trapped during swallow - esophagus doesn’t open
UES - Upper Esophageal Sphincter

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15
Q

valleculae

A

“little valleys”
between root of tongue & epiglottis
food trapped during swallow if swallow is passive

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16
Q

laryngeal ventricle

A

aka laryngeal sinus
between true & false vocal folds
inside = mucous glad

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17
Q

infraglottal space

A

superior margin = vocal fold
inferior margin = cricoid cartilage
lined with ciliated beating epithelium from bronchi all the way to the vocal folds

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18
Q

vocal folds (plicae vocalis)

A

beneath false folds
under ventricle
attach interior of thyroid angle
made of 2 muscles, ligament, epithelial membrane

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19
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

one attachment to laryngeal structure, one attachment outside

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20
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

origin & insertion are within the larynx
muscles attached to structure only within the larynx
adjustment for phonation
actions: adduction, abduction, tensor, relaxer
5 - LCA, IA, PCA, CT, thyroarytenoid

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21
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA)

A

instrinsic muscle
attaches to cricoid & arytenoid
main muscle for closing the vocal folds
origin: superior lateral surface, cricoid
course: up & back
insertion: muscular process arytenoid
function: adduct vocal folds & increase medial compression
innervation: x vagus recurrent laryngeal nerve

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22
Q

transverse arytenoid

A

origin: lateral margin, posterior arytenoid
course: laterally
insertion: lateral margin of opposite arytenoid
function: adduct vocal folds
innervation: x vagus recurrent laryngeal

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23
Q

oblique arytenoid

A

origin: posterior base of muscular process
course: obliquely up
insertion: apex of opposite arytenoid
function: adducts vocal fold
innervation: x vagus recurrent laryngeal nerve

24
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)

A

origin: posterior cricoid lamina
course: up & out
insertion: muscle process of arytenoid
function: abducts vocal folds
innervation; x vagus recurrent laryngeal nerve

25
cricothyroid (CT)
cricothyroid pars recta cricothyroid pars oblique muscles run from anterior surface of cricoid to anterolateral, internal surface of thyroid cause vocal folds to elongate muscles cause sliding in anterior-post direction
26
CT pars oblique
course: superiorly & posteriorly - short, fat pair of muscles causing movement about the cricothyroid joint - -> downward tilting of thyroid or upward tilting of cricoid
27
CT pars recta
course: vertical | same as pars oblique
28
thyroarytenoid (TA)
main mass referred to as vocal folds runs from anterior commissure on deep surface of thyroid cartilage (just below thyroid notch) back to vocal process of arytenoids innervation: x vagus recurrent laryngeal nerve
29
thyromuscularis
lateral-most portion of vocal folds (muscular process of arytenoid) function: relax vocal fold
30
thyrovocalis muscle
medial-most portion of vocal folds (vocal process of arytenoid) function: tense vocal folds
31
suprahyoids (Laryngeal Elevators)
``` muscles that attach to the hyoid (4) and structures above hyoid - tongue (2) digastrics stylohyoid mylohyoid geniohyoid ```
32
infrahyoids (laryngeal depressors)
muscles that attach to hyoid and structures below hyoid sternohyoid omohyoid sternothyroid
33
digastricus anterior
elevate and forward origin: inner surface mandible course: medially and down insertion: hyoid via intermediate tendon function: draws hyoid up innervation: v trigeminal nerve
34
digastricus posterior
elevate and back origin: mastoid process of temporal bone course: medially and down insertion: elevate and retract hyoid innervation: VII facial nerve
35
stylohyoid
elevate and retract origin: styloid process of temporal bone course: medially down insertion: corpus hyoid function: elevate and retract hyoid innervation: VII facial nerve
36
geniohyoid
elevate and forward origin: inner surface of mandible on mental spines course: back and down insertion: corpus hyoid function: elevate hyoid, depress mandible innervatiokn: XII hypoglossal & C1
37
mylohyoid
elevate and forward origin: mylohyoid line of inner mandible course: fanlike median fibrous raphe and hyoid insertion: corpus hyoid function: elevate hyoid, depress mandible innervation: V trigeminal
38
omohyoid (superior head)
``` 2 bellies from upper border of scapula by way of an intermediate tendon at the sternum to the greater horn of the hyioid origin: corpus hyoid course: down insertion: intermediate tendon function: depress hyoid innervation: c1 note the nontraditional origin/insertion ```
39
omohyoid (inferior head)
origin: upper border scapula course: down & laterally insertion: intermediate tendon function: depress hyoid innervation: C2, C3 note the nontraditional origin/insertion
40
sternothyroid
origin: manubrium sterni course: up insertion: oblique line of thyroid cartilage function: depress laryx innervation: spinal C1
41
sternohyoid
from the manubrium to the body of the hyoid
42
thyrohyoid
origin: oblique line of thyroid cart course: up insertion: greater horn, hyoid function: depress hyoid and elevate larynx innervation: spinal C1
43
epithelium
superficial lamina propria intermediate lamina propria deep lamina propria intermediate & deep = vocal ligaments
44
cover-body concept of vocal-folds
cover = epithelial and connective tissue layers body = muscle layer thyrovocalis + thyromuscularis
45
squamous epithelium (SE)
outer layer maintains shape of vocal folds protects vocal folds helps keep vocal folds hydrated (barrier to dehydration)
46
basement membrane (second layer)
between epithelium and superficial lamina propria holds epithelium to superficial layer of lamina propria made up of collagen: fibrous & strong
47
lamina propria (LP)
connective tissue that lies beneath mucosal epithelia throughout body
48
superficial lamina propria (SLP)
third layer lamina prorpia consists of extracellular matrix (nonliving structural tissue, found in connective tissues) mostly loose fibrous and elastic components in a matrix is actually a "space" or "matrix" "mass of soft gelatin" cushions vocal folds
49
intermediate lamina propria (ILP)
third layer adds elastic mechanical integrity consistency of a "bundle of soft rubber bands" it is composed of mostly elastic fibers
50
deep lamina propria (DLP)
fourth layer not as elastic composed of mostly collagenous fibers contributes to the durability of the layer
51
thyrovocalis
fifth layer passive & active qualities passively: consistency of "stiff rubber bands" active: contractile properties control stiffness
52
layers contribute to vibratory characteristics of vocal folds
outer: maintain structure basement: attaches epithelial tightly to SLP SLP: gelatinous, cushion ILP: highly elastic DLP: strong muscle adjusts tension
53
indirect laryngoscopy
uses a "mirror-on-a-stick"; common
54
direct laryngoscopy
rigid endoscope inserted into patient's oropharynx - highest quality view
55
fiber optic endoscopy
fiber optic transmission of light, more flexible, more comfortable
56
stroboscopy
rigid scope, strobe allows view of movement of vocal folds
57
electromyorgaphy (EMG)
wires attached to laryngeal muscles (surface of pins) to measure voltage change with associated muscle action

CSD 155 (16 decks)

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