CSD 155 LAB 2: Anatomical Terminology, Cellular Anatomy, & Joints Flashcards
anatomical position
body erect
arms at rest to the side
palms and feet forward
thumbs out
horizontal/transverse
divides the body into upper & lower halves across the longitudinal section
sagittal
divides body into left and right halves across a vertical section
mid-sagittal
left half is same as right half
para-sagittal
unequal left & right parts
frontal/coronal
divides body into front & back halves
superior
above
inferior
below
anterior (ventral)
toward the front
posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
superficial
external
deep
internal or away from surface
central
core
peripheral
toward surface
lateral
away from midline
medial (mesial)
toward the midline
proximal
toward body or root of extremities
distal
away from body
abduction
opening away from midline
adduction
closing toward midline
flexion
bending in
extension
straightening out
hyper
too much
hypo
too little
epithelial
skin or cavity lining (internal or external)
connective
connects different tissues - function varies
muscular
important for movement
nervous
located in nervous system; stimulation & sensation
vascular
important for blood flow
squamous
smooth, flat, squashed
columnar
column-like
pyramidal
pyramid shaped
simple
single
stratified
multi/several layers
central nervous system (CNS)
brain & spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
spinal nerves & cranial nerves
cell body/soma
nutritional center
nucleus
located within the cell body, processing incoming information
dendrites
receive incoming information, many per neuron
axon
sends outgoing information; only one per neuron
myelin sheath
axon covering that speeds up the nerve conduction process
nodes of ranvier
periodic interruptions in the myelin sheath allowing part of the axon to be exposed to extracellular fluids
axon hillock
connection between axon and soma
terminal buttons/telodendria
very end of the axon which touches the next axon
glial cells
supportive cells
internuncial neurons
connection neurons
synapse
space between axon and dendrite (synaptic gap)
a neuron can be pre- or post-synaptic, in terms of location and function
fibrous joints
immovable
ex. bones of skull
cartilaginous joints
slightly movable
ex. articulations between the vertebrae
synovial joints
freely movable
*the majority of joints in the human body are synovial
ball and socket
allows rotation, great motion in all directions, many axes of movement
ex. hip
saddle
allows all motion except rotation
ex. thumb, stapes, incus, cricoarytenoid joint
condyloid
allows two types of motion at right angle, no rotation
ex. wrist
pivot
allows rotation at long axis or rounded proess
hinge
allows motion in only one place, like a swinging door
gliding
allows sliding movement, least amount of movement
