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CHIPs yr 2 > philosophy of science > Flashcards

philosophy of science Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scientific method?

A

method of procedure that has characterised natural science since the 17th century

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2
Q

what 6 things does the scientific method consist of?

A
  • observation
  • measurement
  • experiment
  • hypothesis formulation
  • hypothesis testing
  • hypothesis modification
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3
Q

what are the 4 principles of science?

A

realism, objectivity, truth, rationality

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4
Q

what is realism?

A

there is a physical world

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5
Q

what is objectivity?

A

knowledge of the physical world doesnt depend on the observer

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6
Q

what is truth?

A

statements that correspond with physical reality

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7
Q

what is rationality?

A

sound reasoning based on convincing evidence

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8
Q

what is induction?

A

create experiment, make unprejudiced predictions, tabulate successes & failures, general features emerge

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9
Q

what do we get when induction is done properly?

A

truth about the world

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10
Q

what is an issue with the outcomes of induction?

A

they are not always true e.g. assume all swans are white

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11
Q

what does comte say about true knowledge?

A

it comes from empirical observations (positivism), unobservable is unacceptable

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12
Q

what is the implication for psychology if comte’s theory/positivism is true?

A

can’t get true knowledge from psychology

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13
Q

what is metaphysical speculation?

A

asking ultimate questions about the universe

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14
Q

what term did bridgman create?

A

operational definition

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15
Q

what is operational definition?

A

tie the unobservable to something observable e.g. memory = number of items recalled

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16
Q

what is logical positivism?

A

science proceeds by cycle of observation, induction and verification

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17
Q

what does logical positivism say observational evidence must be to be valid?

A

describable

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18
Q

what part of psychology is a close example of following logical postivism?

A

behaviourism

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19
Q

what does primacy of data say about theory and observation?

A

theory guides observations

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20
Q

what did karl popper emphasise?

A

theory of primacy

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21
Q

what is falsificationism?

A

scientific strategies are falsified by observations, not verified

22
Q

what can happen to theories after being falsified?

A

they can be modified

23
Q

what did thomas kuhn emphasise?

A

socio-ecological characteristics in scientific communities

24
Q

what is the cycle that paradigm that science follows according to kuhn?

A

pre-science -> normal science, crisis, revolution

25
Q

what is the pre-science stage?

A

unorganized mix of facts, observations and models

26
Q

when does the normal science stage take place?

A

within the paradigm

27
Q

what is the normal science stage?

A

basic theoretical and methodological tenets, everyone stays within paradigm

28
Q

what happens when there are too many anomalies?

A

crisis

29
Q

what happens during a paradigm shift?

A

alternative paradigms appear that easily explains anomalies

30
Q

what happens when there is a scientific revolution?

A

move to a new paradigm when one of the alternative paradigms is chosen

31
Q

what is the issue of relativism in relation to paradigms?

A

can we say one paradigm is better than another?

32
Q

what did imre lakatos do?

A

he combined falsification with paradigms, can falsify a paradigm

33
Q

what are scientific achievements based on?

A

research programmes

34
Q

what is the hard core?

A

ideas and theories people historically committed to and reluctant to give up (central beliefs of the programme)

35
Q

what is the positive heuristic?

A

guidelines on how to deal with falsifying evidence by modifying protective belt

36
Q

what is the protective belt?

A

set of assumptions that are subject to amendment

37
Q

what is the reason science moves between paradigms?

A

scientific achievements in research programmes

38
Q

what are progressive research programmes?

A

retain coherence, theory predicts data

39
Q

what are degenerating research programmes?

A

lose coherence, data predicted after event

40
Q

why did lakatos say kuhn was wrong?

A

scientific revolutions are not sudden changes in vision

41
Q

why did lakatos say popper was wrong?

A

there are no crucial experiments

42
Q

what did paul feyerabend create?

A

the against method

43
Q

what is the against method?

A

there is no recipe for science

44
Q

what did feyerabend say about the heliocentric window?

A

idea of the earth moving would be rejected if only went by observations

45
Q

what did feyerabend say is the only rule not restricting science?

A

‘anything goes’

46
Q

what does popper’s theories and logical positivism do to science?

A

inhibit science by restrictive conditions

47
Q

what is social constructivism?

A

story told by particular scientific community on the basis of language and culture

48
Q

what do people do to proposals and papers they don’t agree with acording to social constructivism?

A

reject them from being published

49
Q

what implication does social constructivism have on science?

A

it loses its status as a provider of true knowledge

50
Q

what did sokal (1996) argue against social constructivism?

A

physics is not mere social conventions

CHIPs yr 2 (12 decks)

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