cognitive psychology

Question 1

what was tolman dissatisfied with in behaviourism?

Answer 1

the stimulus-response accounts

Question 2

what term did tolman coin?

Answer 2

cognitive map

Question 3

what is the cognitive map?

Answer 3

animals learn layout of maze and use representation of map flexibly

Question 4

what does the cognitive map show about place learning?

Answer 4

place learning is easier under the conditions of the experiment than response learning

Question 5

what is the homunculus problem?

Answer 5

who is reading the cognitive map?

Question 6

what was the impact of the cognitive map on mediation?

Answer 6

opened the door to mediation due to intervening states between stimulus and response

Question 7

what is mediation?

Answer 7

adjustment

Question 8

what did garcia et al (1995) discover about preparedness?

Answer 8

some conditions cant be conditioned and some learning occurs too quickly

Question 9

what did breland & breland (1961) discover about preparedness?

Answer 9

there are species differences in behaviour

Question 10

what is breland & breland’s (1961) instinctive drift?

Answer 10

animals revert back to natural behaviour

Question 11

what did breland & breland (1961) questions about behaviourism?

Answer 11

the three basic tenets
- all animals tabula rasa
- species differences dont matter
- all responses equally conditionable to all stimuli

Question 12

what did breland and breland (1961) say about behaviour?

Answer 12

behaviour cant be understood, predicted or controlled without knowledge of instinctive patterns, evolutionary history and ecological niche

Question 13

how were computers changed after ww2?

Answer 13

computers can do multiple things depending on their programming

Question 14

what is the importance of computer programming?

Answer 14

computer programming highlights the importance of internal states

Question 15

what did cognitive psychology reintroduce?

Answer 15

mental states

Question 16

what does psychology keep emphasis on?

Answer 16

observability

Question 17

what are mental states tied to?

Answer 17

perceptual inputs and behavioural outputs

Question 18

what do mental states cause?

Answer 18

behaviour and mental states (psychological causality)

Question 19

what did leahy (1992) say about continuity?

Answer 19

there was no principled break between behaviourism and cognitive psychology

Question 20

what are the goals of cognitive psychology?

Answer 20

description, prediction and control of behaviour

Question 21

what does psychology say about experience?

Answer 21

there is no subjective experience

Question 22

what is at the core of cognitive psychology?

Answer 22

mental representations

Question 23

what are mental representations manipulated by?

Answer 23

cognitive processes

Question 24

what is the relationship between processing and information?

Answer 24

what is processed, is information

Question 25

what is sense input?

Answer 25

information

Question 26

what is the impact of sense input on psychology?

Answer 26

allows non-physical nature of thought, without the dualism problem

Question 27

what does information feedback solve?

Answer 27

the homunculus problem

Question 28

what three things need to be done to information?

Answer 28

information needs to be filtered, processed, and stored

Question 29

what did cognitive psychology give rise to?

Answer 29

functionalism

Question 30

what does functionalism say about the mind?

Answer 30

the mind is a separate layer of info implemented on the brain

Question 31

what is multiple realisability?

Answer 31

psychology of system depends on how stuff is put together, not the stuff it is made of

Question 32

what sort of machine does functionalism allow us to build?

Answer 32

a machine that is conscious

Question 33

what is weak AI?

Answer 33

the computer is a tool in study of the mind

Question 34

what is strong AI?

Answer 34

appropriately programmed computer is the mind and has cognitive states

Question 35

what is the turing test?

Answer 35

a machine can think if a human cannot distinguish between a machine and human

Question 36

what is hard AI?

Answer 36

computers understand questions

Question 37

how does searle describe syntax?

Answer 37

rules for creating sentences (giving answers)

Question 38

how does searle describe semantics?

Answer 38

meaning of the sentence (speaking chinese)

Question 39

what was the finding of the chinese room (searle)?

Answer 39

computers are stuck at syntactic level

Question 40

what is there a misunderstanding about in AI and cognitive psychology?

Answer 40

the difference between description of a thing and the thing itself

Question 41

how may computers and humans differ in terms of rules?

Answer 41

computers follow strict algorithms/rules but human brains may not

Question 42

what does AI underestimate?

Answer 42

the difficulty of motor tasks and the influence interactions with the world have on us

Question 43

what is new AI?

Answer 43

there are no distinctions between syntax and semantics

Question 44

what did khrizhevsky et al (2012) say about new AI?

Answer 44

new AI is not an appropriate model for human processes yet as you need to many examples to learn