Philosophical Underpinning

Question 1

Select the best Definition of Description in an Experimental Design.
A. Changing the IV resulting in the change of DV
B. A Systematic observation of an event that one describes
C. An observation of 2 events that relate to each other

Answer 1

B. Description is systematically observing an event and describing it objectively

Question 2

Select the best definition of prediction in an experimental design.
A. Changing the IV resulting in the change of DV
B. A Systematic observation of an event that one describes
C. An observation of 2 events that relate to each other

Answer 2

C. Prediction is repeated observation of 2 events that relate/covary with each other. One event increases the probability of the occurrence of another event.

Question 3

Select the best definition of control in an experimental design.
A. Changing the IV resulting in the change of DV
B. A Systematic observation of an event that one describes
C. An observation of 2 events that relate to each other

Answer 3

A. Control is demonstrated when a change in the independent variable (IV) results in the change of dependent variable (DV). It demonstrates a controlled manipulation/functional relation.

Question 4

What does this following situation describe: The Alternating Treatment Data shows that students are more likely to comply when a token system is in effect then what it is not in effect.

A. Prediction
B. Outcome
C. Description
D. Control

Answer 4

D. Control
Rationale - The alternating treatment data indicates that there is scientific manipulation to demonstrate that effect

Question 5

Which Level of Scientific Understanding is Suggested by: withdrawal design data indicate that when children get training, scores go up– when they don’t, scores go down

A. Prediction
B. Outcome
C. Description
D. Control

Answer 5

D. Control
Rationale - The alternating treatment data indicates that there is scientific manipulation to demonstrate that effect

Question 6

Select the following that indicate the underpinnings of behavior analysis.
A. Determinism, Experimentation, Selectionism, control, prediction, parsimony
B. Determinism, Experimentation, Empiricism, Parsimony, Philosophic Doubt, replication, selectionism
C. Experimentation, Empiricism, Determinism, Philosophical Doubt, control, generalization.

Answer 6

B. The seven underpinning of behaviour analysis are:

Determinism
Experimentation
Empiricism
Parsimony
Philosophic Doubt
Replication
Selectionism

Question 7

Select the Correct Definition of Determinism
A. The universe is choatic
B. We can determine behaviour based on antecedents
C. The universe is lawful and orderly. Events happen because of other events.

Answer 7

C. Determinism - is an assumption that the universe is lawful and orderly. Events happen because of other events.

It is the opposite of accidentalism/fatalism where event occur accidentally

Question 8

Select the Correct Definition Experimentation
A. The universe is lawful and predictable
B. The right answer is the simplest answer
C. It is a strategy that manipulates variables

Answer 8

C. Experimentation
- Is a strategy to manipulate variables to see it’s effect on another (causation)

Question 9

Define Empiricism

Answer 9

Empiricism
- objective observation of phenomena of interest

Question 10

Define Parsimony

Answer 10

Parsimony
- use the simplest explanation for phenomenon

Question 11

Define Philosophical Doubt

Answer 11

Philosophical doubt
- questions what is considered as facts (be skeptical)

Question 12

Define Replication

Answer 12

Replication
- repeating an experiment or manipulation
- same results each time = high reliability

Question 13

Define Selectionism

Answer 13

Selectionism
- certain traits, behaviour are continued or continue to evolve/exist because on how it interacts with environment

Question 14

Define Pragmatism

Answer 14

Pragmatism
- how true/valid is statement or fact is - based on how it is effective in the environment

Question 15

Define Explanatory Fiction

Answer 15

Explanatory Fiction
- circular thinking
- it’s another word for the phenomena
“ it’s a reinforcement because it’s a reinforcer”
- he is depressed because he has depression”

Question 16

What is not an explanatory fiction? A child becomes an award-winning pianist because

Answer 16

1. He had great talent from an early age
2. His practice has reinforced his abilities
3. He practices at least 10 hours a week
4. his knowledge of music is reinforced by practice

Question 17

What are feelings

Answer 17

A. do not cause behavior
B. Can be explanatory fictions

Question 18

Define Mentalism

Answer 18

Mentalism
- mental or inner dimension to behaviour

Question 19

Three main model of behaviourism

Answer 19

A. S-R Model
B. S-O-R Model
C. S-R-S Model

Question 20

Who Developed and What is the S-R Model

Answer 20

Watson - (stimulus- response) model

Question 21

Who Developed and What is the S-O-R Model

Answer 21

S-O-R model, the stimulus response in an environment

Question 22

Who Developed and What is the S-R-S Model

Answer 22

Skinner - stimulus-response - consequence ( 3 term contingency)

Question 23

Types of Behaviourism

Answer 23

Methodological behaviourism

Radical Behaviourism

Question 24

Define Methodological behaviourism

Answer 24

acknowledges for private/inner events but no need to analyze it

Question 25

After working late a woman was waiting at the elevator to go home. The door opened and there was a rough looking man on the elevator. She said “ oh I forgot my papers” and turn away. Which is not a mentalistic explanation of her behavior

A. She had learned a rule that described a relationship between a person’s appearance and probable behaviour and her turning away was a function of this rule

B. she had learned a rule that described a relationship between a person’s appearance and probable behaviour and she wanted to avoid being alone with the man

C. a stimulus ( the man) signaled a dangerous situation and she felt she should not be alone with him

D. She thought she should avoid being alone with the man as prior experiences had paired appearance and behaviour

Answer 25

A. She had learned a rule that described a relationship between a person’s appearance and probable behaviour and her turning away was a function of this rule

Question 26

What are the objections to mentalistic explanation of behaviour

Answer 26

research resources are wasted on studying explanatory fictions
they attribute behavior to hypothethical constructs which stops inquiry into verifiable causes
they provide a circular argument in which a descriptive label is applied to behavioral effects (e.g., someone is labelled “intelligent” due to good graded and the label is then offered as the cause of behaviour)
they tend to focus exclusively on private events

Question 27

Which are private events

A. the words of someone whispering in your ear
B. getting hit by a pitch in baseball
C. feeling the heat of 90 degree weather at a crowded amusement park
D. remebering items written on a grocery list you left at tome
E. the pain from getting hit by a pitch in baseball
F. a tickling sensation from someone whispering in your ear
G. a feverish person saying to you i’m burning up inside

Question 28

List the Dimension of Applied Behaviour Analysis

Answer 28

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Generality - last over time, appears in different envrionment

Effective - produces practical and significant changes in behaviour (cost effective, efficient

Technological - procedures are identified and described with detail and clarity

Applied - social signficance

Conceptually systemtaic - relevant behaviour principle is used
Behavioural - target the needed behaviour to change or improve

Question 29

Define Radical Behaviorism

Answer 29

accounts for inner and outer states

Question 30

Define Private events

Answer 30

events where individual respond with respect to certain stimuli accessible to themselves alone

Question 31

Define Private Events

Answer 31

private events - events that are experienced by the behaver themselves and can’t be observed by an outsider

Question 32

Examples of Private events

Answer 32

Pain, thoughts, sensation of someone whispering in your ear

Question 33

Define Analytic

Answer 33

Analytic
- Experimenter demonstrated a functional relation between manipulated events and reliable change in some measurable dimension of behavior

Question 34

Provide examples of Analytic

Answer 34

Analytic = experimental control = functional relation

Question 35

Define and Examples of Applied

Answer 35

Social Significance

Question 36

Define and Examples of Generality

Answer 36

generality - last over time, appears in different environment, and or spreads to behaviour that was not directly targeted.

Question 37

Define and Examples of Effective

Answer 37

Effective - improve the target behaviour to a practical degree
-social significance over statistical or theoretical significance

Question 38

Define and Examples Technological

Answer 38

technological - when procedures are identified and described clear enough for someone to implement( replicating it)

Question 39

Define and Examples of Conceptually systematic

Answer 39

conceptually systematic - based on the principles of behaviour analysis

Question 40

Define and Example of Behavioural

Answer 40

behavioural - should focus on behaviour that needs to be improved, direct observation of the target behaviour, measurable, monitor behavioural of all involves

Question 41

4 Domains of Behaviour Analytic Science

Answer 41

Radical behaviourism- philosophical domain of behavior analysis - theoretical and conceptual issues

Experimental Analysis of Behaviour - design and conduct, interpret lab based experiments, discover, clarify basic principles of behaviour, functional relation between behaviour and controlling variables

Applied Behaviour Analysis - it’s applied research used to improve socially significant behaviour, functional relation between socially significant behaviour and controlling behaviour

Practice Guided by Behaviour Analysis - helping people behave more successful, behaviour change program