Philosophical Underpinning Flashcards
Select the best Definition of Description in an Experimental Design.
A. Changing the IV resulting in the change of DV
B. A Systematic observation of an event that one describes
C. An observation of 2 events that relate to each other
B. Description is systematically observing an event and describing it objectively
Select the best definition of prediction in an experimental design.
A. Changing the IV resulting in the change of DV
B. A Systematic observation of an event that one describes
C. An observation of 2 events that relate to each other
C. Prediction is repeated observation of 2 events that relate/covary with each other. One event increases the probability of the occurrence of another event.
Select the best definition of control in an experimental design.
A. Changing the IV resulting in the change of DV
B. A Systematic observation of an event that one describes
C. An observation of 2 events that relate to each other
A. Control is demonstrated when a change in the independent variable (IV) results in the change of dependent variable (DV). It demonstrates a controlled manipulation/functional relation.
What does this following situation describe: The Alternating Treatment Data shows that students are more likely to comply when a token system is in effect then what it is not in effect.
A. Prediction
B. Outcome
C. Description
D. Control
D. Control
Rationale - The alternating treatment data indicates that there is scientific manipulation to demonstrate that effect
Which Level of Scientific Understanding is Suggested by: withdrawal design data indicate that when children get training, scores go up– when they don’t, scores go down
A. Prediction
B. Outcome
C. Description
D. Control
D. Control
Rationale - The alternating treatment data indicates that there is scientific manipulation to demonstrate that effect
Select the following that indicate the underpinnings of behavior analysis.
A. Determinism, Experimentation, Selectionism, control, prediction, parsimony
B. Determinism, Experimentation, Empiricism, Parsimony, Philosophic Doubt, replication, selectionism
C. Experimentation, Empiricism, Determinism, Philosophical Doubt, control, generalization.
B. The seven underpinning of behaviour analysis are:
Determinism
Experimentation
Empiricism
Parsimony
Philosophic Doubt
Replication
Selectionism
Select the Correct Definition of Determinism
A. The universe is choatic
B. We can determine behaviour based on antecedents
C. The universe is lawful and orderly. Events happen because of other events.
C. Determinism - is an assumption that the universe is lawful and orderly. Events happen because of other events.
It is the opposite of accidentalism/fatalism where event occur accidentally
Select the Correct Definition Experimentation
A. The universe is lawful and predictable
B. The right answer is the simplest answer
C. It is a strategy that manipulates variables
C. Experimentation
- Is a strategy to manipulate variables to see it’s effect on another (causation)
Define Empiricism
Empiricism
- objective observation of phenomena of interest
Define Parsimony
Parsimony
- use the simplest explanation for phenomenon
Define Philosophical Doubt
Philosophical doubt
- questions what is considered as facts (be skeptical)
Define Replication
Replication
- repeating an experiment or manipulation
- same results each time = high reliability
Define Selectionism
Selectionism
- certain traits, behaviour are continued or continue to evolve/exist because on how it interacts with environment
Define Pragmatism
Pragmatism
- how true/valid is statement or fact is - based on how it is effective in the environment
Define Explanatory Fiction
Explanatory Fiction
- circular thinking
- it’s another word for the phenomena
“ it’s a reinforcement because it’s a reinforcer”
- he is depressed because he has depression”
What is not an explanatory fiction? A child becomes an award-winning pianist because
- He had great talent from an early age
- His practice has reinforced his abilities
- He practices at least 10 hours a week
- his knowledge of music is reinforced by practice
What are feelings
A. do not cause behavior
B. Can be explanatory fictions
Define Mentalism
Mentalism
- mental or inner dimension to behaviour
Three main model of behaviourism
A. S-R Model
B. S-O-R Model
C. S-R-S Model
Who Developed and What is the S-R Model
Watson - (stimulus- response) model
Who Developed and What is the S-O-R Model
S-O-R model, the stimulus response in an environment
Who Developed and What is the S-R-S Model
Skinner - stimulus-response - consequence ( 3 term contingency)
Types of Behaviourism
Methodological behaviourism
Radical Behaviourism
Define Methodological behaviourism
acknowledges for private/inner events but no need to analyze it
After working late a woman was waiting at the elevator to go home. The door opened and there was a rough looking man on the elevator. She said “ oh I forgot my papers” and turn away. Which is not a mentalistic explanation of her behavior
A. She had learned a rule that described a relationship between a person’s appearance and probable behaviour and her turning away was a function of this rule
B. she had learned a rule that described a relationship between a person’s appearance and probable behaviour and she wanted to avoid being alone with the man
C. a stimulus ( the man) signaled a dangerous situation and she felt she should not be alone with him
D. She thought she should avoid being alone with the man as prior experiences had paired appearance and behaviour
A. She had learned a rule that described a relationship between a person’s appearance and probable behaviour and her turning away was a function of this rule
What are the objections to mentalistic explanation of behaviour
research resources are wasted on studying explanatory fictions
they attribute behavior to hypothethical constructs which stops inquiry into verifiable causes
they provide a circular argument in which a descriptive label is applied to behavioral effects (e.g., someone is labelled “intelligent” due to good graded and the label is then offered as the cause of behaviour)
they tend to focus exclusively on private events
Which are private events
A. the words of someone whispering in your ear
B. getting hit by a pitch in baseball
C. feeling the heat of 90 degree weather at a crowded amusement park
D. remebering items written on a grocery list you left at tome
E. the pain from getting hit by a pitch in baseball
F. a tickling sensation from someone whispering in your ear
G. a feverish person saying to you i’m burning up inside
List the Dimension of Applied Behaviour Analysis
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Generality - last over time, appears in different envrionment
Effective - produces practical and significant changes in behaviour (cost effective, efficient
Technological - procedures are identified and described with detail and clarity
Applied - social signficance
Conceptually systemtaic - relevant behaviour principle is used
Behavioural - target the needed behaviour to change or improve
Define Radical Behaviorism
accounts for inner and outer states
Define Private events
events where individual respond with respect to certain stimuli accessible to themselves alone
Define Private Events
private events - events that are experienced by the behaver themselves and can’t be observed by an outsider
Examples of Private events
Pain, thoughts, sensation of someone whispering in your ear
Define Analytic
Analytic
- Experimenter demonstrated a functional relation between manipulated events and reliable change in some measurable dimension of behavior
Provide examples of Analytic
Analytic = experimental control = functional relation
Define and Examples of Applied
Social Significance
Define and Examples of Generality
generality - last over time, appears in different environment, and or spreads to behaviour that was not directly targeted.
Define and Examples of Effective
Effective - improve the target behaviour to a practical degree
-social significance over statistical or theoretical significance
Define and Examples Technological
technological - when procedures are identified and described clear enough for someone to implement( replicating it)
Define and Examples of Conceptually systematic
conceptually systematic - based on the principles of behaviour analysis
Define and Example of Behavioural
behavioural - should focus on behaviour that needs to be improved, direct observation of the target behaviour, measurable, monitor behavioural of all involves
4 Domains of Behaviour Analytic Science
Radical behaviourism- philosophical domain of behavior analysis - theoretical and conceptual issues
Experimental Analysis of Behaviour - design and conduct, interpret lab based experiments, discover, clarify basic principles of behaviour, functional relation between behaviour and controlling variables
Applied Behaviour Analysis - it’s applied research used to improve socially significant behaviour, functional relation between socially significant behaviour and controlling behaviour
Practice Guided by Behaviour Analysis - helping people behave more successful, behaviour change program
