Behaviour Assessment Flashcards
How to determine whether a previously implemented intervention was carried out with fidelity
looks for IOA and procedural integrity
try to determine how staff were trained
Interview staff who worked with the client, if available
What does record reviews contain
medical information
previous effectiveness of treatment
will not contain IOA and procedural integrity
what is habillitation
habilitation - how well a person has achieved his potential of producing reinforcement for himself and others and minimizing punishment
What do assessments that include the word description/ descriptive entail and examples?
assessment include direct observation of client
(records abc)
ABC descriptive analysis, ABC analysis, descriptive analysis, structured descriptive analysis, ABC recording, anecdotal ABC recording, ABC checklist, ABC narrative recording, ABC continuous recording, behavioral description, descriptive assessment, anecdotal observation, and narrative recording
What are 10 factors that impacts the social significance of a target behaviour
be reinforced in the natural environment
be a requisite for other functional skills
increase access to environment for learning
increase natural and appropriate interactions of others with the clients
a pivotal behavioural cusps
be age appropriate
reduce problem behavior and increase adaptive replacement behaivour
be the real goal rather than indirectly related to the goal itself
be a real behaviour of interest and not just talk about the behavior
What is ABC Narrative Recording
target behaviour is recorded any time it occurs along with any information about environmental events
open-ended observation procedure that allows for recording anything that happens before or after a behaviour
What is Narrative recordings in behavioral assessment
A narrative recording in behavioural assessment are descriptive assessments which include ABC recording, anecdotal recording and descriptive analysis
What are scatterplot used for
scatter plot captures the frequency of the target behaviour
typically divided into time blocks and each occurrence of the behavior is recorded in the appropriate block
data are recorded over very long periods of time, so recorded by someone who is typically present
especially helpful when behaviours occurs infrequently
How do behavioural cusps and pivotal behaviours teach new skills
expose learners to environments and reinforcement contingencies different from those arranged when a behavior was directly taught
this leads to the eventual development of more new behaviours
learning to conduct a basic web search gives a person access to the massive collection of information on the internet.
What to do when the goal of the behaviour program is not behaviour what do you do.
reinforce the end goal and not the behaviour itself. reinforce weightloss goal
When should food reinforcement be used
should be used when it would be the most effective which for food would be, before meals.
How to identfiy potential reinforcer naturally
use the premack principle, high probability behaviour can be used as reinforcement
What are some advantages and disadvantages of paper and pencil instruments for assessing potential reinforcers
less valid the systematic manipulation
less time consuming
reinforcer sampling
means providing the individual an opportunity to sample or try out an item. it is often the case that the item is made contingent to evaluate whether it will increase the behaviour
What are some patterns on a scatterplot represent
random pattern - unpredictable
days = columns
time - horizonal
What is a concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment
compares the relative reinforcing value of two stimuli by making the stimuli contingent on two behaviour and observing how an individual allocates responding between two options
multiple reinforcer are available at once and the learner may freely engage in whatever behaviour to obtain them
ex. two task of equal difficulty, make an m&m contingent on respondign to compleitign one task and make a skittle contingent upon the other task. the task completed the most will indicate the greatest value reinfrocer
what is the multiple schedule reinforcement assessment
behaviour is reinforced on one schedule at a time, using the different stimuli in alternating time periods
two or more single schedules of reinforcement applied ot a single behaviour. For example presenting a stimulus in one schedule and one in a fixed time schedule
What is a limitation of using a concurrent schedule arrangement
Underrepresent the efficacy of the less reinforcing item, due to a masking or overshadowing by the more reinforcing item.
that is the less reinforcing item may be an effective reinforcer when assessed alone
how do you tell is a reinforcer is potent on a concurrent schedule reinforcer
A reinforcer assessment in which two different stimuli are presented contingent on different responses
in the same session different stimuli are delivered contingent on the occurrence of different behaviours according to the same schedule of reinforcement
the most potent reinforcer is associated with the behaivour with the highest response rate
What are some reinforce asessments
multiple sitmuli reinforcer assessment
concurrent schedule reinfrocement assessment
progressive-ratio schedule reinforcer assessment
what is a progressive-ratio reinforcement assessment
different stimuli are delivered contingent on a progressive, or increasing number of responses.
The most potent reinforcer is the one that produces the highest number of responses before reaching the breaking point
What is the in-the-moment reinforcer analyses
instructor delivers a potential reinforcer following the correct response and measures the rate of response.
items are selected according to the instructor discretion.
instructor consiers factors such as the learner’s current affect, past interaction with the specific and similar items, how the learner has performed in the past with the item, as well as other anecdotal observation when selecting which item to deliever
What are the variables that influence the efficacy of reinforcement
Timing - often reinforcement needs to be immediate
consistency - reinforcement is deleivered according to an established shcedule; not random
quality - a brownie is probably more reinforcing than cracker
quantity/duration - reinforce generously but do not satiate
variety - vary reinfocer to avoid satiation
establishing operation - event that alters effectivness of a reinforcer
What are indications of automatic reinforcement function
absence of structure
define the function of direct access
access to tangibles
What is the general consequence of behaviour
behaviour can access to our escape from stimuli
Examples of direct observation
ABC data collection and scatter plot data collection, lag sequential analysis
What is an ecological assessment (aka ecobehavioural or eco-systemic assessment) is best characterized as
considers behavior/environment relationship in a very broad way.
recognizes the complex interrelationship between behaviour and environment and attempts to consider all relevant issues affecting the individual’s behaviour
include physiological condtions, physical asepcts of the environment, interaction with others, home environment and past reinforcement history.
What are some indirect methods
rating scales (motivation assessment scale (MAS), motivation analysis rating scale, functional analysis screen tool (FAST), questions about behavioural function (QABF) and problem behaivour questionnaire (pbq))
interview
What does Scatterplot record reveal that the ABC data does not
prevalence of behavior during segments of time
segments in which the behavior occurs more frequently can be analyzed more closely for functional variable operating during those time segments
What would a comprehensive behavioural assessment identify?
behaviour to change
factors pertinent to the intervention - resources, assets, significant others, competing contingencies, maintenance and generalization factors and potential reinforcer and punisher
What are advantages of a descriptive assessment include
conducted in the natural environment
can identify correlations that may reflect causal relationship
yield objective and quantifiable information
they provide information that can be used to conduct more refined behavioral assessments and treatments
What are disadvantage of descriptive functional assessments
tend to indicate attention as a potential maintaining variable of problem behaviour due to its likelihood occur with the behaviour within the naturals setting
often fail to detect behaivour maintained by intermittently because it may not be followed by the reinforcer in the naturals environment
cannot indicate causal functional relation
What can indirect assessment (anecdotal observation/ narrative recording ) contribute to
identify the target problem behaviour
some of the antecedents and consequences you should look for in direct observation but should not be relied on to determine behaviors function
suitable first step in the overall assessment process
What does a scatterplot present
a graphical illustration of the times of day in which the behaviour is most likely to occur
How are occurrences graphed in scatterplot
frequency
duration of interval
occurrences or non-occurrences
slash or fill-in
What are ways that scatterplot can be set up
can have time of day, session, period, on one ordinate
and time, date is indicated along the other ordinate.
What is conditional probability
is a calculation of the likelihood that the target behaviour will occur in the presence of a specific antecedent or consequence event
inaccurately suggest a functional relation between the behaivour and event
conditional probabilities tell us the likelihood that a specific consequence will occur given an instance of the target behaviour
how to calculate conditional probability
divide the number of times the specific consequences followed the behaivour by the total frequency of the target behaviour
what is a contingency space analysis
the likelihood of a specific antecedent or consequence event occuring with and without the behaivour
What is the importance of antecedents
Important to analyzing the function of a target behaviour
do not necessarily control the behaviour
precede the behaviour
What is an analog assessment
it is functional analysis where the arrangement of controllinf variables that occur in the natrual setting that are simulated in an analog session
What is an advantage of a brief functional analysis
a hypothesis might be derived from an analysis of antecedents
it is well suited when there is little time
the avoidance of establishing significant reinforcement history for undesirable behaviour.
using functional analysis methodology with low-frequency behaviour that are not easily evoked
for a functional analysis methodology to be successful, the target behaviour must be seen during the experimental conditions.
if it is difficult to evoke the target behaivour , an alternate method should be used.
Why is using functional analysis methodology ethically questionable for dangerous behaviours
you are intentionally provoking him and could present unacceptable risks.
What were the standard functional analysis condition in Iwata study
attention
escape from demand
play - control
alone - automatic reinforcement
the tangible conditions are frequently used in research on functional analysis and in applied settings
What does a high rate of the target behaviour during the play condition of a functional analysis mean
The play condition includes attention and easy access to preferred tangible items which tend to remove the MO for automatically reinforced behaviour.
automatic reinforcement can also produce high rates of the target behaviour across all or most of the functional analysis conditions
What are the strategies for improving ecological validity in a functional analysis
conduct the FA in the natural setting
Try to simulate the natural setting by:
- incorporating parents, peers, or caregviers from the natural setting into the FA
- include furniture and decor from the natural setting in the experimental setting
When trying to test for automatic reinforcement
use long interval because it gives the participant nothing to do.
When doing a FA for problem behaivour with more than one topography- what are the reccommendations
do an FA on each topography on its own as each topogrpahy may have a different function
How to make sure that undifferentiated results in an FA is not due to partiicpant not being able to tell the conditions apart.
extend the alone condition - if the behaviour remain high you can be more reasonably assured that it is maintained by automatic reinfocement.
if it decreases during the alone period it suggest an extinction process, in which it seems likely that the behiavour was maintained by social variables and that a discrimination was not made between conditions
