Philip Government Flashcards
when did factionalism start and why?
- 1566 when Gonzalo Perez died
- he split the role of royal secretary
who was the role of royal secretary split between?
- Antonio Perez - south
- Gabriel de Zayas - north
what had Charles warned Philip against?
one secretary getting too strong
what were the two factions?
- Eboli (Perez’s faction)
- Alva (Zayas’s faction)
in what period did factionalism get out of control?
1560s+70s - Philip’s first ministry
when did Perez become leader of Eboli faction?
1573 when prince of eboli died
where was the main battleground for the faction?
council of state
who did Perez ensure became ABT?
cardinal Quiroga
how did factionalism culminate?
in the Escobedo affair
where did Perez persuade Philip to send Escobedo?
-send Escobedo to spy on Don Juan in Low Countries
what did Escobedo do after meeting Don Juan?
- switched sides and went to Philip to tell him
- spread rumours about Perez
what did Perez persuade Philip about Escobedo?
that Escobedo was a traitor
when was Escobedo murdered?
1578 in Madrid
what is important to note about factionalism?
- time specific period of govt
- after 1579, Philip removed factionalism from govt
- changed system of govt in second ministry
- never questioned King’s absolute power
how did Philip remove factionalism?
- 1579 arrested Perez
- duke of Alva sent away in disgrace
what did Philip use to advise him?
councils
what system of govt did Philip continue?
conciliar system of govt
how many councils were there?
14 by 1598
how many men per council?
6-12 men
which council was set up in 1559 and what did it do?
- council of Italy
- re. Naples and Milan
- under Charles, council of Aragon had dealt w/ Italy
which council was set up in 1582?
- council of Portugal
- annexed Portugal in 1580
what did the new councils demonstrate?
- intelligent govt from Philip
- new councils to deal w/ new problems
who were councils dominated by?
letrados - e.g. all 39 councillors appointed to Council of Indies trained in law
why was it good that letrados were prominent in govt?
- intelligent men - 10yrs @ uni
- more efficient govt
- loyal to king as low born
- e.g. none of Philip’s personal secretaries of noble birth
what roles are nobles given in govt?
roles as governor/viceroy across empire - e.g. Governor of LC or viceroy of Milan/Naples
did Philip attend councils?
no, he refused to attend
why were councillors unwilling to speak their minds too freely?
unsure of the King’s policies - didn’t want to end up on the wrong side
what did Philip not attempt to do w/ councils?
unify councils
what did Philip hope councils would do in war?
- hoped to know all aspects of a problem anywhere in Empire at any given moment
- in reality, his knowledge was fragmentary and at times inaccurate
why did Philip have no real way to validate what he was being told?
never travelled outside of Spain in 1559
did Philip have power over Cortes?
he maintained general power over Castilian Cortes
what tax did Philip introduce in 1590?
- Millones tax
- brought in 8m ducats over 6yrs
why did the Millones tax show Philip’s strength over Cortes?
1538 cortes rejected sisa tax
what did Philip have to accept in order to pass millones tax?
100 conditions
what happened at 1576 cortes?
- reduced encabezamiento after demands from multiple cities
- from 2.5 to 1.5m ducats
what happened at 1596 cortes?
- opposed renewal of millones tax
- by 1598, only 10/18 towns had agreed to it
what happened to Cortes power over time?
it increased
give an example of how Cortes power changed over time?
- 1556-72 - 5 cortes’s met for 74 days/year
- 1572-98 - 7 cortes’s met for 265 days/year
- making Philip wait for tax
what can you link to increasing power of cortes to?
- Philip’s worsening finances
- needed cortes to grant money
- especially in 1590s
what were the two main causes of aragonese revolt?
- appointment of Duke of Almenara
- arrival of Antonio Perez
what did Philip appoint Duke of Almenara to in 1588?
-his viceroy in Aragon with the aim of cracking down on lawlessness
why was the appointment of Duke of Almenara provocative and what did it lead to?
-deliberately provocative as viceroy was traditionally meant to be Aragonese
-led to clear political crisis as Almenara needed to be
confirmed by justiciar’s court
what added to the sense of crisis?
arrival of Antonio Perez
what did Perez do in April 1590?
-escaped from custody in Madrid and fled to Aragon demanding to be tried in the Justiciar’s court
what did Philip do in May 1591?
order the inquisition to arrest Perez on trumped up charges of heresy
what did the re-arrest of Perez lead to?
rioting in Zaragoza led by his supportes and cries of liberty and contra-fuero
what happened in the riots in Zaragoza?
- almenara was stabbed by the mob and died two weeks later
- inquisition HQ burned down
- Perez moved back into Justiciar’s prison where he continued his propaganda
what did Philip do in October 1591?
- sent army of 14,000 men, 3,000 cavalry and 25 artillery pieces to Zaragoza
- order restored quickly
what is important to note about aragonese revolt?
- not a widespread revolt - very localised
- Catalonia and Valencia didn’t get involved
- very time specific problem - only between 1590-92
what % of population in Granada did Moriscos make up?
54%
why was Philip worried over internal security?
- govt had genuine concerns about Morisco links to North Africa and Ottomans
- collaborations with Barbary pirates was on increase in 1560s
- 1565 siege of Malta brought home Ottoman threat
what had F/I and Charles both done little to do?
genuinely convert Moriscos - circumcision was common and some still spoke arabic
who were they captains of Granada?
mondejar family - had long since protected Moriscos
how did Philip persecute muslims in 1560s via the inquisition?
- IG Valdes ended ability to buy immunity and set about attacking their culture
- 1566, 92% inquisition victims were Moriscos
- 1550, 50% moriscos
what did the 1563 law do?
- targeted Morisco land ownership
- 100,000 hectares confiscated 1559-68
what was the edict on 1 jan 1567?
- decreed all most important Moriscos characteristics forbidden
- including surnames, wearing silk and ceremonies
when did the Morisco revolt start? how many people revolted?
- Christmas eve 1568
- initially 4000, growing to 30,000 by 1569
when was Don Juan sent into Granada?
1568 w/ 20,000 troops
how long did war last for ?
2 years
give an example of a massacre committed?
feb 1570 in Galera, all 2500 inhabitants slaughtered after it fell to Don Juan
what was the decree 1 nov 1570?
- govt decided to distribute Granadine Moriscos across peninsula
- 90,000 redistributed, 30% died
how many Spanish died in war and how much did it cost?
- 60,000 Spanish lives lost
- cost 3m over 2 years
- link to 1571 bankruptcy
who helped to make conciliar system work?
royal secretaries
what did royal secretaries do?
attended councils and reported back to Philip daily
who was appointed as royal secretary in 1566?
appointed Cardinal Espinosa to supervise his business and speed up govt
what roles did Espinosa gain?
- president of council of castile in 1565
- inquisitor general in 1566
- cardinal in 1568
who did Philip prefer letrados over?
grandees
when was Philip’s second ministry?
1579-98
what did Philip do in his second ministry?
- streamlined govt
- governed by juntas = small committees
what were juntas free of?
factions
what were juntas used to?
by pass councils and form committees to deal with specific presaging issues
what junta was formed in 1586?
- junta grande
- formed to organise Armada
what was the junta de noche?
- Philip’s inner circle
- group of men met w/ Philip @ night
- made décisions
who was responsible for which areas in the junta de noche?
- moura - Portugal and finances
- idiaquez - FP
- chinchon - Aragon and Italy
what was the main role of the Junta de noche?
speed up, not replace conciliar govt
what system did Philip continue to use?
corregidores system - crowns manager of towns
how many towns had corregidores?
66 towns
what did corregidores do?
kept peace in towns, maintained justice, collected taxes, ensured they had food
were corregidores successful?
- good attempt of royal power
- always imperfect
give examples of the weakness of corregidores?
- 1588 Valladolid and 1590 seville - towns refused to raise troops
- 1566 cortes - corregidores couldn’t ensures procuradores fully agreed to servicio plan
where was royal power strongest?
- in madrid
- further you went out, weaker royal power got
why did nobles remain wealthy?
remained exempt from taxation and invested heavily in the new world
what did nobles’ wealth allow them to do?
to get huge tracts of land and to take control of towns
how much land was owned by nobles in Salamanca?
63% of land
how many towns were controlled by nobles in Valencia?
Philip only controlled 72/300 towns
by 1600, how many towns and villages did nobles have control over?
- 2/3 of Spain’s 4,600 towns
- 1/2 of Spain’s 15,800 villages
how powerful was mendoza duke of infitado?
- controlled nearly 800 towns and villages
- nominated over 500 public officials throughout Spain
how many cities did nobles control?
22/148
how did Philip help to boost power of grandees?
sales of lands
when did baldios start and peak?
began in 1557 and peaked in 1580s
how much did baldios raise?
4.8m ducats in total
what did Medina sidonia buy via baldios?
- 1576 paid 150,000 ducats to buy 5 estates near Cadiz
- he could raise 10,000 militia from his estates
