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Philip II > Philip Government > Flashcards

Philip Government Flashcards

1
Q

when did factionalism start and why?

A
  • 1566 when Gonzalo Perez died

- he split the role of royal secretary

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2
Q

who was the role of royal secretary split between?

A
  • Antonio Perez - south

- Gabriel de Zayas - north

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3
Q

what had Charles warned Philip against?

A

one secretary getting too strong

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4
Q

what were the two factions?

A
  • Eboli (Perez’s faction)

- Alva (Zayas’s faction)

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5
Q

in what period did factionalism get out of control?

A

1560s+70s - Philip’s first ministry

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6
Q

when did Perez become leader of Eboli faction?

A

1573 when prince of eboli died

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7
Q

where was the main battleground for the faction?

A

council of state

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8
Q

who did Perez ensure became ABT?

A

cardinal Quiroga

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9
Q

how did factionalism culminate?

A

in the Escobedo affair

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10
Q

where did Perez persuade Philip to send Escobedo?

A

-send Escobedo to spy on Don Juan in Low Countries

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11
Q

what did Escobedo do after meeting Don Juan?

A
  • switched sides and went to Philip to tell him

- spread rumours about Perez

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12
Q

what did Perez persuade Philip about Escobedo?

A

that Escobedo was a traitor

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13
Q

when was Escobedo murdered?

A

1578 in Madrid

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14
Q

what is important to note about factionalism?

A
  • time specific period of govt
  • after 1579, Philip removed factionalism from govt
  • changed system of govt in second ministry
  • never questioned King’s absolute power
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15
Q

how did Philip remove factionalism?

A
  • 1579 arrested Perez

- duke of Alva sent away in disgrace

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16
Q

what did Philip use to advise him?

A

councils

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17
Q

what system of govt did Philip continue?

A

conciliar system of govt

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18
Q

how many councils were there?

A

14 by 1598

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19
Q

how many men per council?

A

6-12 men

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20
Q

which council was set up in 1559 and what did it do?

A
  • council of Italy
  • re. Naples and Milan
  • under Charles, council of Aragon had dealt w/ Italy
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21
Q

which council was set up in 1582?

A
  • council of Portugal

- annexed Portugal in 1580

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22
Q

what did the new councils demonstrate?

A
  • intelligent govt from Philip

- new councils to deal w/ new problems

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23
Q

who were councils dominated by?

A

letrados - e.g. all 39 councillors appointed to Council of Indies trained in law

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24
Q

why was it good that letrados were prominent in govt?

A
  • intelligent men - 10yrs @ uni
  • more efficient govt
  • loyal to king as low born
  • e.g. none of Philip’s personal secretaries of noble birth
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25
Q

what roles are nobles given in govt?

A

roles as governor/viceroy across empire - e.g. Governor of LC or viceroy of Milan/Naples

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26
Q

did Philip attend councils?

A

no, he refused to attend

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27
Q

why were councillors unwilling to speak their minds too freely?

A

unsure of the King’s policies - didn’t want to end up on the wrong side

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28
Q

what did Philip not attempt to do w/ councils?

A

unify councils

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29
Q

what did Philip hope councils would do in war?

A
  • hoped to know all aspects of a problem anywhere in Empire at any given moment
  • in reality, his knowledge was fragmentary and at times inaccurate
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30
Q

why did Philip have no real way to validate what he was being told?

A

never travelled outside of Spain in 1559

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31
Q

did Philip have power over Cortes?

A

he maintained general power over Castilian Cortes

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32
Q

what tax did Philip introduce in 1590?

A
  • Millones tax

- brought in 8m ducats over 6yrs

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33
Q

why did the Millones tax show Philip’s strength over Cortes?

A

1538 cortes rejected sisa tax

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34
Q

what did Philip have to accept in order to pass millones tax?

A

100 conditions

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35
Q

what happened at 1576 cortes?

A
  • reduced encabezamiento after demands from multiple cities

- from 2.5 to 1.5m ducats

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36
Q

what happened at 1596 cortes?

A
  • opposed renewal of millones tax

- by 1598, only 10/18 towns had agreed to it

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37
Q

what happened to Cortes power over time?

A

it increased

38
Q

give an example of how Cortes power changed over time?

A
  • 1556-72 - 5 cortes’s met for 74 days/year
  • 1572-98 - 7 cortes’s met for 265 days/year
  • making Philip wait for tax
39
Q

what can you link to increasing power of cortes to?

A
  • Philip’s worsening finances
  • needed cortes to grant money
  • especially in 1590s
40
Q

what were the two main causes of aragonese revolt?

A
  • appointment of Duke of Almenara

- arrival of Antonio Perez

41
Q

what did Philip appoint Duke of Almenara to in 1588?

A

-his viceroy in Aragon with the aim of cracking down on lawlessness

42
Q

why was the appointment of Duke of Almenara provocative and what did it lead to?

A

-deliberately provocative as viceroy was traditionally meant to be Aragonese
-led to clear political crisis as Almenara needed to be
confirmed by justiciar’s court

43
Q

what added to the sense of crisis?

A

arrival of Antonio Perez

44
Q

what did Perez do in April 1590?

A

-escaped from custody in Madrid and fled to Aragon demanding to be tried in the Justiciar’s court

45
Q

what did Philip do in May 1591?

A

order the inquisition to arrest Perez on trumped up charges of heresy

46
Q

what did the re-arrest of Perez lead to?

A

rioting in Zaragoza led by his supportes and cries of liberty and contra-fuero

47
Q

what happened in the riots in Zaragoza?

A
  • almenara was stabbed by the mob and died two weeks later
  • inquisition HQ burned down
  • Perez moved back into Justiciar’s prison where he continued his propaganda
48
Q

what did Philip do in October 1591?

A
  • sent army of 14,000 men, 3,000 cavalry and 25 artillery pieces to Zaragoza
  • order restored quickly
49
Q

what is important to note about aragonese revolt?

A
  • not a widespread revolt - very localised
  • Catalonia and Valencia didn’t get involved
  • very time specific problem - only between 1590-92
50
Q

what % of population in Granada did Moriscos make up?

A

54%

51
Q

why was Philip worried over internal security?

A
  • govt had genuine concerns about Morisco links to North Africa and Ottomans
  • collaborations with Barbary pirates was on increase in 1560s
  • 1565 siege of Malta brought home Ottoman threat
52
Q

what had F/I and Charles both done little to do?

A

genuinely convert Moriscos - circumcision was common and some still spoke arabic

53
Q

who were they captains of Granada?

A

mondejar family - had long since protected Moriscos

54
Q

how did Philip persecute muslims in 1560s via the inquisition?

A
  • IG Valdes ended ability to buy immunity and set about attacking their culture
  • 1566, 92% inquisition victims were Moriscos
  • 1550, 50% moriscos
55
Q

what did the 1563 law do?

A
  • targeted Morisco land ownership

- 100,000 hectares confiscated 1559-68

56
Q

what was the edict on 1 jan 1567?

A
  • decreed all most important Moriscos characteristics forbidden
  • including surnames, wearing silk and ceremonies
57
Q

when did the Morisco revolt start? how many people revolted?

A
  • Christmas eve 1568

- initially 4000, growing to 30,000 by 1569

58
Q

when was Don Juan sent into Granada?

A

1568 w/ 20,000 troops

59
Q

how long did war last for ?

A

2 years

60
Q

give an example of a massacre committed?

A

feb 1570 in Galera, all 2500 inhabitants slaughtered after it fell to Don Juan

61
Q

what was the decree 1 nov 1570?

A
  • govt decided to distribute Granadine Moriscos across peninsula
  • 90,000 redistributed, 30% died
62
Q

how many Spanish died in war and how much did it cost?

A
  • 60,000 Spanish lives lost
  • cost 3m over 2 years
  • link to 1571 bankruptcy
63
Q

who helped to make conciliar system work?

A

royal secretaries

64
Q

what did royal secretaries do?

A

attended councils and reported back to Philip daily

65
Q

who was appointed as royal secretary in 1566?

A

appointed Cardinal Espinosa to supervise his business and speed up govt

66
Q

what roles did Espinosa gain?

A
  • president of council of castile in 1565
  • inquisitor general in 1566
  • cardinal in 1568
67
Q

who did Philip prefer letrados over?

A

grandees

68
Q

when was Philip’s second ministry?

A

1579-98

69
Q

what did Philip do in his second ministry?

A
  • streamlined govt

- governed by juntas = small committees

70
Q

what were juntas free of?

A

factions

71
Q

what were juntas used to?

A

by pass councils and form committees to deal with specific presaging issues

72
Q

what junta was formed in 1586?

A
  • junta grande

- formed to organise Armada

73
Q

what was the junta de noche?

A
  • Philip’s inner circle
  • group of men met w/ Philip @ night
  • made décisions
74
Q

who was responsible for which areas in the junta de noche?

A
  • moura - Portugal and finances
  • idiaquez - FP
  • chinchon - Aragon and Italy
75
Q

what was the main role of the Junta de noche?

A

speed up, not replace conciliar govt

76
Q

what system did Philip continue to use?

A

corregidores system - crowns manager of towns

77
Q

how many towns had corregidores?

A

66 towns

78
Q

what did corregidores do?

A

kept peace in towns, maintained justice, collected taxes, ensured they had food

79
Q

were corregidores successful?

A
  • good attempt of royal power

- always imperfect

80
Q

give examples of the weakness of corregidores?

A
  • 1588 Valladolid and 1590 seville - towns refused to raise troops
  • 1566 cortes - corregidores couldn’t ensures procuradores fully agreed to servicio plan
81
Q

where was royal power strongest?

A
  • in madrid

- further you went out, weaker royal power got

82
Q

why did nobles remain wealthy?

A

remained exempt from taxation and invested heavily in the new world

83
Q

what did nobles’ wealth allow them to do?

A

to get huge tracts of land and to take control of towns

84
Q

how much land was owned by nobles in Salamanca?

A

63% of land

85
Q

how many towns were controlled by nobles in Valencia?

A

Philip only controlled 72/300 towns

86
Q

by 1600, how many towns and villages did nobles have control over?

A
  • 2/3 of Spain’s 4,600 towns

- 1/2 of Spain’s 15,800 villages

87
Q

how powerful was mendoza duke of infitado?

A
  • controlled nearly 800 towns and villages

- nominated over 500 public officials throughout Spain

88
Q

how many cities did nobles control?

A

22/148

89
Q

how did Philip help to boost power of grandees?

A

sales of lands

90
Q

when did baldios start and peak?

A

began in 1557 and peaked in 1580s

91
Q

how much did baldios raise?

A

4.8m ducats in total

92
Q

what did Medina sidonia buy via baldios?

A
  • 1576 paid 150,000 ducats to buy 5 estates near Cadiz

- he could raise 10,000 militia from his estates

Philip II (10 decks)

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