New World Flashcards
what was there a superabundance of under Philip?
silver
how much silver did Philip get?
64.5m ducats of silver - via quinto (20% of all silver)
how did amount of silver increase over time?
1590s 4x more silver than in 1560s
what did Philip tighten up on?
customs duties
what was the almojarifazago de Indias?
- merchants wanting to convert gold+silver bars to cois had to pay tax
- quadruped
- raised 200,000 ducats in 1595
how was abundance of silver a mixed blessing?
- allowed Philip to be too ambitious in FP
- gave him access to bankers
what did silver contribute to?
inflation - but not sole cause
what were the other factors for inflation?
juros, backwards agriculture, topography, rising population
how much silver didn’t land in spain?
40% of silver didn’t even land in Spain - straight to foreign bankers
how were the viceroy’s in the new world?
- did great job of extending Philip’s power
- Philip let them govern
- 12yrs each as viceroy
who was the viceroy for Peru?
Francisco de toledo (1568-80)
what did toledo do when he arrived in Peru?
- set out on 5yr tour of peru
- defeated last Incan resistance
- killed manco Inca in 1572
what did Toledo do w/ potosi mine?
- made more productive
- potosi grew to 120,000 population
what mine was opened near potosi?
- 1574 opened Huancavelica mine = mercury mine
- near potosi, so was easy to mix w/ silver
by 1580, how much silver was potosi producing?
more silver than whole of Mexico
who was the viceroy for Mexico?
Martin enrique (1568-80)
what did Enrique improve in Mexico?
roads system - made easer it get silver out of Zacatecas
what did Enrique introduce in Mexico in 1574?
alcabala
what did Enrique introduce in Mexico in 1571?
inquisition
by 1572, how much control did the state have in Mexico?
all of mercury under state control
what did new world provide stimulus for?
cultural golden age of Spain
what did new world lead to improvements in?
Cartography, geography and botany
what expedition did philp finance in 1570?
expedition by Dr. Francisco Hernandez to study plants and animals in new world
how did new world lead to improvements in science?
perfected use of mercury for extraction of silver - allowed are rapid exploitation of silver
when was mercury first used in Mexico and Peru?
Mexico in 1557 and peru in 1574
by 1598, what had the new world become in relation to Spain?
Independent of Spain
who was benefiting from new world?
settlers not Spanish
how many cloth factories were there in Mexico City?
25
what was peru producing by 1590s?
grain, wine and oil
what did merchants struggler to do in relation to new world?
- couldn’t sell as much to new world
- 1597 Spanish merchants found it impossible to dispose of all their goods
how did the destination of silver change?
1597 - more silver went from Acapulco to manilla galleon than Mexico to Spain
how did the council of Indies change?
- improvements made
- tried to make it more efficient - became better informed
what was Juan de ovando instructed to do?
- modernise and reconstruct council
- expanded the council
what did ovando organise?
Scientific expedition to Mexico to investigate medial properties of plants
how was the council of Indies limited?
still seen as a second grade council - stepping stone for promotion
how did Philip overwork ovando?
- additionally in charge of council of finance from 1574
- died in 1575
