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Philip II > New World > Flashcards

New World Flashcards

1
Q

what was there a superabundance of under Philip?

A

silver

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2
Q

how much silver did Philip get?

A

64.5m ducats of silver - via quinto (20% of all silver)

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3
Q

how did amount of silver increase over time?

A

1590s 4x more silver than in 1560s

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4
Q

what did Philip tighten up on?

A

customs duties

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5
Q

what was the almojarifazago de Indias?

A
  • merchants wanting to convert gold+silver bars to cois had to pay tax
  • quadruped
  • raised 200,000 ducats in 1595
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6
Q

how was abundance of silver a mixed blessing?

A
  • allowed Philip to be too ambitious in FP

- gave him access to bankers

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7
Q

what did silver contribute to?

A

inflation - but not sole cause

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8
Q

what were the other factors for inflation?

A

juros, backwards agriculture, topography, rising population

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9
Q

how much silver didn’t land in spain?

A

40% of silver didn’t even land in Spain - straight to foreign bankers

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10
Q

how were the viceroy’s in the new world?

A
  • did great job of extending Philip’s power
  • Philip let them govern
  • 12yrs each as viceroy
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11
Q

who was the viceroy for Peru?

A

Francisco de toledo (1568-80)

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12
Q

what did toledo do when he arrived in Peru?

A
  • set out on 5yr tour of peru
  • defeated last Incan resistance
  • killed manco Inca in 1572
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13
Q

what did Toledo do w/ potosi mine?

A
  • made more productive

- potosi grew to 120,000 population

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14
Q

what mine was opened near potosi?

A
  • 1574 opened Huancavelica mine = mercury mine

- near potosi, so was easy to mix w/ silver

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15
Q

by 1580, how much silver was potosi producing?

A

more silver than whole of Mexico

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16
Q

who was the viceroy for Mexico?

A

Martin enrique (1568-80)

17
Q

what did Enrique improve in Mexico?

A

roads system - made easer it get silver out of Zacatecas

18
Q

what did Enrique introduce in Mexico in 1574?

A

alcabala

19
Q

what did Enrique introduce in Mexico in 1571?

A

inquisition

20
Q

by 1572, how much control did the state have in Mexico?

A

all of mercury under state control

21
Q

what did new world provide stimulus for?

A

cultural golden age of Spain

22
Q

what did new world lead to improvements in?

A

Cartography, geography and botany

23
Q

what expedition did philp finance in 1570?

A

expedition by Dr. Francisco Hernandez to study plants and animals in new world

24
Q

how did new world lead to improvements in science?

A

perfected use of mercury for extraction of silver - allowed are rapid exploitation of silver

25
Q

when was mercury first used in Mexico and Peru?

A

Mexico in 1557 and peru in 1574

26
Q

by 1598, what had the new world become in relation to Spain?

A

Independent of Spain

27
Q

who was benefiting from new world?

A

settlers not Spanish

28
Q

how many cloth factories were there in Mexico City?

A

25

29
Q

what was peru producing by 1590s?

A

grain, wine and oil

30
Q

what did merchants struggler to do in relation to new world?

A
  • couldn’t sell as much to new world

- 1597 Spanish merchants found it impossible to dispose of all their goods

31
Q

how did the destination of silver change?

A

1597 - more silver went from Acapulco to manilla galleon than Mexico to Spain

32
Q

how did the council of Indies change?

A
  • improvements made

- tried to make it more efficient - became better informed

33
Q

what was Juan de ovando instructed to do?

A
  • modernise and reconstruct council

- expanded the council

34
Q

what did ovando organise?

A

Scientific expedition to Mexico to investigate medial properties of plants

35
Q

how was the council of Indies limited?

A

still seen as a second grade council - stepping stone for promotion

36
Q

how did Philip overwork ovando?

A
  • additionally in charge of council of finance from 1574

- died in 1575

Philip II (10 decks)

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