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PRELIMS > PHCP - Module 1 > Flashcards

PHCP - Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Voicebox

A

laryngopharynx

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2
Q

Windpipe

A

Trachea

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3
Q

Contains upper, middle, lower lobe

A

Right Lung

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4
Q

Contains upper and lower lobe

A

Left Lung

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5
Q

Final destination of inhaled cells
No smooth muscles

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

Thin epithelial cell

A

Pneumonocytes

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7
Q

AKA Hay Fever

A

Allergic Rhinitis

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8
Q

It involves inflammation of nasal mucous
membranes in sensitized individuals when
inhaled allergenic particles contact mucous
membranes and elicit a response mediated by
immunoglobulin E (IgE).

A

Allergic Rhinitis

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9
Q

Mediators of immediate
hypersensitivity include :

A

histamine, leukotrienes,
prostaglandin, tryptase, and
kinins.

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10
Q

Dark circles under the
eyes

A

allergic shiners

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11
Q

Determines whether rhinitis is caused by immune response to allergens.

A

Allergy testing

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12
Q

Commonly used Allergy testing

A

Immediate-type hypersensitivity skin tests

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13
Q

safer and more generally
accepted than intradermal testing, which is usually
reserved for patients requiring confirmation.

A

Percutaneous testing

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14
Q

can detect IgE antibodies in the blood that are specific for a given antigen, but it is less sensitive than percutaneous tests.

A

radioallergosorbent test (RAST)

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15
Q

most effective first-line drug treatments for Rhinitis

A

– Nasal corticosteroids with or without oral or nasal antihistamines
-Oral antihistamines plus oral decongestants (eg, a
sympathomimetic such as pseudoephedrine)

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16
Q

Less effective alternatives include

A
  • nasal mast cell stabilizers (eg, cromolyn) given 3 or 4 times a
    day,
  • nasal H1 blocker azelastine 1 to 2 puffs twice a day, and
  • nasal ipratropium 0.03% 2 puffs every 4 to 6 hours, which
    relieves rhinorrhea.
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17
Q

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by
episodes of severe breathing difficulty,
coughing, and wheezing using the air passage
to narrow & causes shortness of breath.
* These episodes are usually reversible, either
spontaneous or with treatment.
* The inflammation is due to bronchia hyper
responsiveness to a variety of stimuli

A

Asthma

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18
Q
  • Occurs 6-9 hours after allergen provocation
    – Involves the activation of eosinophils, T lymphocytes,
    basophils, neutrophils and macrophage
A

Late phase inflammatory reaction

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19
Q

Migrates to the airways and release inflammatory
mediators (leukotrienes and granule proteins) cytotoxic
mediators and cytokines

A

EOSINOPHILS

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20
Q
  • Release cytokines from type 2 T-helper cells that mediate
    allergic inflammation.( IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13)
    – Type 1- T- helper produces IL-2 and Interferon gama that
    are essential for cellular defense mechanism
A

T- lymphocytes

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21
Q

Release of histamine, eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors, leukotriene C4, D4 and E4,
prostaglandin and platelet activating factors.

A

Mast Cell degranulation

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22
Q

capable of inducing smooth muscle
constriction and bronchospasm and may play a role in
mucosal edema and mucus secretion.

A

Histamine

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23
Q
  • release a number of inflammatory mediators including
    PAF and leukotrienes B4, C4 and D4
    – 5 lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism
    – Produce Cysteinyl leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4
  • Released during the inflammatory process in the lungs and causes
    bronchospasm, mucus secretion and airway edema
A

Alveolar macrophages

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24
Q

Releases eicosanoids, peptidases, matrix proteins, cytokines and nitric oxide

A

Bronchial epithelial cells

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25
Q

– Expectorated mucus from patients with asthma are:

A

highly viscous

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26
Q

Characterized by episodic dyspnea with
wheezing
– Coughing particularly at night
– These often occurs during exercise
– Other signs:
* Expiratory wheezing on auscultation
* Dry hacking cough
* Signs of atopy (Allergic rhinitis or eczema)

A

Chronic Asthma

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27
Q

During vigorous exercise,
pulmonary functions (FEV1)
in patients with asthma
increase during the first few
minutes but then begin to
decrease after 6 to 8
minutes

A

EXERCISE-INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM

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28
Q

Type of asthma which may be worse when the air is cold and dry

A

Exercise-induced asthma

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29
Q

Type of asthma triggered by workplace irritants such as chemical
fumes, gases or dust

A

Occupational asthma

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30
Q

Type of asthma triggered by particular allergens, such as pet dander,
cockroaches or pollen

A

Allergy-induced asthma

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31
Q

is the volume
of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration, measured in liters.
-most basic maneuver in spirometry tests

A

FVC: Forced vital capacity (FVC)

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32
Q

the volume of air that can forcibly be
blown out in one second, after full inspiration.
Values of between 80% and 120% of the average value are considered
normal.

A

FEV1

33
Q

the ratio of FEV1 to FVC.
– In healthy adults this should be approximately 70–85% (declining with
age)

A

FEV1/FVC (FEV1%)

34
Q

B2RA w/ some B1 activity
ADE: Tremors, Nervousness in 2-6yrs old

A

Albuterol sulfate (Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, ProAir HFA)

35
Q

B2RA w/ some B1 activity
Attractive choice in tx of acute symptoms in younger children

A

Pirbuterol (Maxair Autohaler)

36
Q

B2RA w/ some B1 activity
Effective in smaller doses. fewer ADE

A

Levalbuterol (Xopenex)

37
Q

Anticholinergic
INH secretions from serous and seromucous glass lining the nasal mucosa

A

Ipratropium (Atrovent)

38
Q

Anticholinergic + B2
little effect on cardiac muscle contractility

A

Ipratropium + Albuterol (Combivent, DuoNeb)

39
Q

Corticosteroid, Oral
decreases inflammation bu reversing increased capillary permeability and suppressing polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity

A

Prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone)
Methylprednisone (SoluMedrol, Medrol)
Prednisolone (Pediapred, Prelone, Orapred)

40
Q

Long-Acting B2
Bronchial Smooth muscle relaxation

A

Formoterol (Foradil, Performist)
Salmeterol (Serevent)

41
Q

Long-Acting B2
Increased intracellular cyclic AMP

A

Arformoterol (Brovana)

42
Q

Corticosteroid.
-Elicit local anti-inflammatory effects to respiratory effect

A

Mometasone

43
Q

Corticosteroid.
Potent anti-inflammatory activity

A

Fluticasone

44
Q

Corticosteroid.
INH multiple types of inflammatory cells

A

Budesonide

45
Q

B2 Agonist
elicit bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

A

Formoterol

46
Q

Long-Acting B2 Agonist
bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

A

Salmeterol

47
Q

Symbicort

A

Budenoside/Formoterol

48
Q

Dulera

A

Mometasone/Formoterol

49
Q

Advair

A

Salmoterol/Fluticasone inhaled

50
Q

INH 5-lipoxygenase
INH Leukotriene formation

A

Zileuton

51
Q

Methylxanthines
Directly relaxes smooth muscle of resp tract

A

Theophylline (Theo-24, Theocron, Uniphyl)

52
Q

Mast Cell Stabilizer
INH release of histamine, leukotrienes, and other mediators

A

Cromolyn sodium (Intal)

53
Q

Monoclonal Antibody
Recombinant humanized monoclinal antibody

A

Omalizuyab (Xolair)

54
Q

Corticosteroid, Inhalant
aerosol inhaled indicated for maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy

A

Ciclesonide (Alevasco)

55
Q

Corticosteroid, Inhalant
INH bronchoconstrictions mechanism

A

Beclomethasone (QVAR, Beclovent)

56
Q

Corticosteroid, Inhalant
Glucocorteroid, anti-inflam

A

Triamcinolone inhaled (Azmacort)
Flunisolide (Aerobid, AeroSpan, Nasalide)

57
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
selective competitive inh of LTD4 and LTE4 receptors

A

Zafirlukast (Accolate)

58
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
blocks binding of leukotriene D4 to its receptor

Advantage: chewable

A

Montelukast

59
Q
  • Airflow limitation that is NOT FULLY reversible with
    bronchodilators
A

COPD

60
Q

As compared to asthma, ______ is associated with neutrophilic
rather than eosinophilic inflammation.

A

COPD

61
Q

is associated with chronic or recurrent
excessive mucus secretion into the bronchial tree with cough
that is present on most days for at least 3 months of the year
for at least 2 consecutive years.

A

Chronic bronchitis

62
Q

Permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal
bronchioles🡪 decreased alveolar spaces available for gas
exchange🡪 1. loss of alveoli walls🡪 Decreased elastic recoil🡪
airway limitation.

A

Emphysema

63
Q

Pink puffers

A

Emphysema

64
Q

emphysema
associated with smoking
and typically most severe in
the upper lobe

A

Centriancinar

65
Q

involves central
alveioli, distal and terminal
bronchioles. Typically most
severe in the lower lungs.
Common in patients with
HOMOZYGOUS ALPHA 1
ANTITRYPSIN

A

Panancinar

66
Q

The most common etiologic factor is exposure to
environmental

A

tobacco smoke

67
Q

responsible for inhibiting several protease
enzymes, including neutrophil elastase.

A

AAT

68
Q

AAT is __________

A

α1-antitrypsin

69
Q

MOST SIGNIFICANT SYMPTOM of COPD

A

Breathlessness

70
Q

Blue Bloater

A

Chronic Bronchitis

71
Q

Stage 0

A

at risk

72
Q

Stage 1

A

Mild COPD

73
Q

Stage 2:

A

Moderate COPD

74
Q

Stage 3

A

Severe COPD

75
Q

Stage 4:

A

Very Severe COPD

76
Q

A drug used as an antidepressant.
* Can markedly reduce nicotine cravings.
* Though associated with an increased risk for
seizures

A

Bupropion

77
Q

a new agent became available to assist in tobacco
cessation attempts.
- a nicotine acetylcholine receptor partial agonist that
has shown benefit in tobacco cessation.
- Varenicline relieves physical withdrawal symptoms
and reduces the rewarding properties of nicotine.

A

Varenicline

78
Q

a new agent became available to assist in tobacco
cessation attempts.
- a nicotine acetylcholine receptor partial agonist that
has shown benefit in tobacco cessation.
- Varenicline relieves physical withdrawal symptoms
and reduces the rewarding properties of nicotine.

A

Varenicline

PRELIMS (13 decks)

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