PHAP - PRELIMS Flashcards
is the field study that evaluates
the behavior of individuals, firms and markets in
health care, and usually focuses on the cost (inputs)
and consequences (outcomes) of health care
interventions such as drugs, devices, procedures,
services and programs.
Health Economics
is the field of study that
evaluates the behavior of individuals, firms and
markets relevant to the use of Pharmaceutical
products, services and programs and which
frequently focuses on the costs (inputs) and
consequences (outcomes) of that use
Pharmacoeconomics
“The application of organized
knowledge and skills in the form of
devices, medicines, vaccines,
procedures and systems developed to
solve a health problem and improve
quality of lives”.
WHO DEFINITION OF Health Technology
Assessment (HTA
HTA goal is to
– Provide input to decision-makers
– Ensure value for money
It is composed of different backgrounds (clinicians,
public health specialists, pharmacists, clinical
engineers, epidemiologists, statisticians, etc.).
Health Technology Assessment (HTA)
Multidisciplinary Team
These are intended to determine the
characteristics or impacts of particular
technologies.
. Technology-oriented assessments
It focuses on solutions or strategies for managing a
particular problem for which alternative or
complementary technologies might be used
Problem-oriented assessments
It focuses on a local placement or use of a
technology in a particular institution, program, or
other designated project.
Project-oriented assessments
Is an innovative
program that
determines if health
services used by state
government are safe
and effective.
HTA
has the
tremendous potential to change
our understanding of disease,
transform the delivery of
healthcare services and improve
health outcomes
Health technology
4 Es of Health Program Evaluation
Efficacy
Effectiveness
Equity
Efficiency
Is the discipline which
places a value on drug therapy
Pharmacoeconomics
is one such tool that aids in the decisionmaking using the combination of cost (economic) and consequences
(clinical or economic or humanistic endpoints).
Pharmacoeconomics (PE)
= cost of producing a particular quantity of
output
Total Cost (TC)
= costs which do not vary with the quantity of
the output in the short run
Fixed Cost (FC)
= cost which varies with the level of output
Variable Cost (VC)
= average cost per unit of output
Average Cost (AC)
= extra cost of producing 1 extra unit of
output
Marginal Cost (MC)
are the direct, indirect, and
intangible costs compared with the consequences of
treatment alternatives.
Economic outcomes:
are the medical events that occur as a result of
disease or treatment (e.g., safety and efficacy end points).
Clinical outcomes:
are the consequences of disease or treatment on
patient’s functional status or QoL along several dimensions (e.g.,
physical function, social function, general health and well-being, and life
satisfaction)
Humanistic outcomes:
is a desired effect of a drug (efficacy or effectiveness
measure), [e.g., epidemic cases cured, reductions in HbA1c, life-years
gained, or improved health-related quality of life (HRQOL)].
positive outcome
is an undesired or adverse effect of a drug, (e.g.,
treatment failure, an adverse drug reaction (ADR), a drug toxicity, or even
death)
negative outcome
can serve as a proxy for more relevant final outcomes.
➢ Intermediate outcomes
