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PRELIMS > PHAP - PRELIMS > Flashcards

PHAP - PRELIMS Flashcards

1
Q

is the field study that evaluates
the behavior of individuals, firms and markets in
health care, and usually focuses on the cost (inputs)
and consequences (outcomes) of health care
interventions such as drugs, devices, procedures,
services and programs.

A

Health Economics

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2
Q

is the field of study that
evaluates the behavior of individuals, firms and
markets relevant to the use of Pharmaceutical
products, services and programs and which
frequently focuses on the costs (inputs) and
consequences (outcomes) of that use

A

Pharmacoeconomics

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3
Q

“The application of organized
knowledge and skills in the form of
devices, medicines, vaccines,
procedures and systems developed to
solve a health problem and improve
quality of lives”.

A

WHO DEFINITION OF Health Technology
Assessment (HTA

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4
Q

HTA goal is to

A

– Provide input to decision-makers
– Ensure value for money

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5
Q

It is composed of different backgrounds (clinicians,
public health specialists, pharmacists, clinical
engineers, epidemiologists, statisticians, etc.).

A

Health Technology Assessment (HTA)
Multidisciplinary Team

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6
Q

These are intended to determine the
characteristics or impacts of particular
technologies.

A

. Technology-oriented assessments

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7
Q

It focuses on solutions or strategies for managing a
particular problem for which alternative or
complementary technologies might be used

A

Problem-oriented assessments

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8
Q

It focuses on a local placement or use of a
technology in a particular institution, program, or
other designated project.

A

Project-oriented assessments

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9
Q

Is an innovative
program that
determines if health
services used by state
government are safe
and effective.

A

HTA

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10
Q

has the
tremendous potential to change
our understanding of disease,
transform the delivery of
healthcare services and improve
health outcomes

A

Health technology

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11
Q

4 Es of Health Program Evaluation

A

Efficacy
Effectiveness
Equity
Efficiency

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12
Q

Is the discipline which
places a value on drug therapy

A

Pharmacoeconomics

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13
Q

is one such tool that aids in the decisionmaking using the combination of cost (economic) and consequences
(clinical or economic or humanistic endpoints).

A

Pharmacoeconomics (PE)

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14
Q

= cost of producing a particular quantity of
output

A

Total Cost (TC)

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15
Q

= costs which do not vary with the quantity of
the output in the short run

A

Fixed Cost (FC)

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16
Q

= cost which varies with the level of output

A

Variable Cost (VC)

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17
Q

= average cost per unit of output

A

Average Cost (AC)

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18
Q

= extra cost of producing 1 extra unit of
output

A

Marginal Cost (MC)

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19
Q

are the direct, indirect, and
intangible costs compared with the consequences of
treatment alternatives.

A

Economic outcomes:

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20
Q

are the medical events that occur as a result of
disease or treatment (e.g., safety and efficacy end points).

A

Clinical outcomes:

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21
Q

are the consequences of disease or treatment on
patient’s functional status or QoL along several dimensions (e.g.,
physical function, social function, general health and well-being, and life
satisfaction)

A

Humanistic outcomes:

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22
Q

is a desired effect of a drug (efficacy or effectiveness
measure), [e.g., epidemic cases cured, reductions in HbA1c, life-years
gained, or improved health-related quality of life (HRQOL)].

A

positive outcome

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23
Q

is an undesired or adverse effect of a drug, (e.g.,
treatment failure, an adverse drug reaction (ADR), a drug toxicity, or even
death)

A

negative outcome

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24
Q

can serve as a proxy for more relevant final outcomes.

A

➢ Intermediate outcomes

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25
Q

refer to the ultimate end point desired by healthcare
program

A

➢ Final outcomes

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26
Q

If only one treatment or drug or program is examined. It is simply a
descriptive analysis of that treatment / drug / program.
OR
If a pharmaceutical program (drugs or intervention) consists of two or more
alternatives but, the evaluation limits itself to either costs or effects only

A

Partial Economic Evaluation :

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27
Q

PE evaluation of two or more alternatives, and attempts to link both costs
and effects

A

Full Economic Evaluation

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28
Q

CMA

A

Cost-Minimisation Analysis

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29
Q

CEA

A

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

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30
Q

CBA

A

Cost-Benefit Analysis

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31
Q

CUA

A

Cost-Utility Analysis

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32
Q

CCA

A

Cost-Consequences Analysis

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33
Q

Full PE analysis considers ___, and not just
cost containment.

A

ECHO

34
Q

is just one tool of a full-fledged PE analysis.

A

CEA

35
Q

An action or set of actions undertaken in or
organised by a pharmacy, delivered by a pharmacist
or other health practitioner, who applies their
specialised health knowledge personally or via an
intermediary, with a patient/client, population or other
health professional, to optimise the process of care,
with the aim to improve health outcomes and the
value of healthcare

A

Professional Pharmacy Service:

36
Q

Health care professionals who practice in
pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use.

A

Pharmacists

37
Q

are premises licensed for retail sale or
supply of drugs to the hospital, which have
qualified licensed persons and indulged in
compounding of drugs.

A

Pharmacy

38
Q

purchases and dispenses
all the medications used to treat the patients in the
hospital.

A

Hospital Pharmacy

39
Q

Emergency Services
Outpatient Services

A

Line Services

40
Q

Inpatient Services
(Wards)
Intensive Care Unit
(ICU)

A

Line Services

41
Q

Operation Theatre
(OT)

A

Line Services

42
Q

CSSD

A

Supportive Services

43
Q

Laboratory
Radiology

A

Supportive Services

44
Q

Nursing Services
Pharmacy Services

A

Supportive Services

45
Q

Diet Management

A

Supportive Services

46
Q

Registration and
Indoor case records

A

Auxiliary Services

47
Q

Stores
Transport
Mortuary

A

Auxiliary Services

48
Q

Engineering and
Maintenance
services

A

Auxiliary Services

49
Q

Hospital Security

A

Auxiliary Services

50
Q

Dietary Services

A

Auxiliary Services

51
Q

This is also known
as retail pharmacy.

A

Community pharmacy

52
Q

This is the most wellknown type of pharmacy. _____
pharmacists work in drug store and provide
medication access to the community. They
promote the safe and effective use of
medication.

A

Community pharmacy

53
Q

This exists in hospitals,
nursing homes, and other medical centers.
___________________ ensure the optimal use of
medications for the best outcomes through the
provision of drug information and monitoring
for drug safety and efficacy.

A

Clinical pharmacy

54
Q

This encompasses the
production and preparation of medicines in new forms.
This may include reformulating a powder tablet to a
solution, which can assist in the administration of the
drug for certain patients. _______ pharmacist may
work in a community, clinical or residential-based
setting, depending on the purpose of their formulation;
and may also dispense ready-made medications in
some situations.

A

Compounding pharmacy

55
Q

This involves the
pharmaceutical industry and includes research,
production, packaging, quality control, marketing
and sales of pharmaceutical products

A

Industrial pharmacy

56
Q

This area focuses on the
theoretical review of medications rather than dispensing
medicines. _____ pharmacists often work in nursing
homes or visit patients in-home to provide their services,
in order to enable them to use medications most
effectively.

A

Consulting pharmacy

57
Q

This offers healthcare
services to many patients in rural areas, mostly to
geriatric populations. These pharmacists help in the
management of patients who are at higher risk of drugrelated problems or disease complications due to lack of
control over the condition.

A

Ambulatory care pharmacy

58
Q

This is also
sometimes referred to as infusion pharmacy

A

Home care pharmacy

59
Q

This mainly involves the
preparation and delivery of injectables to critically ill
patients in the home environment.

A

Home care pharmacy

60
Q

This involves the
planning and management of medication in health
maintenance organizations, such as hospitals,
nursing homes, and extended healthcare centers.

A

Managed care pharmacy

61
Q

This is also known as
government pharmacy

A

Regulatory Pharmacy

62
Q

responsible for
creating rules and regulations for the safe use
of medicine to promote positive health
outcomes.

A

Regulatory pharmacy

63
Q

___ pharmacists
work on developing new drugs and profiling their
actions, effectiveness, side-effects and
interactions.

A

Research pharmacy –

64
Q

is concerned with quality and the use of new technology
in improving health outcomes in a variety of pharmacy services.

A

HTA

65
Q

follows established rules and conventions to provide
information (financial statements) to external users
such as investors, government agencies, and banks.

A

Financial accounting system

66
Q

identifies, collects, measures, classifies, and reports
information that is useful to managers in costing
(determining what something costs), planning,
controlling, and decision making.

A

Cost management system

67
Q

Assigns costs to individual products and services and
other cost objects as specified by management;
satisfies financial reporting and management
decision-making needs

A

Cost accounting system

68
Q

provides accurate and timely feedback concerning
performance; concerned with what activities should
be performed and assessing those activities.

A

Operational control system

69
Q

is used to continuously
improve manufacturing activities and
nonmanufacturing activities.

A

Theory Of Constraints

70
Q

is a demand-pull
system that strives to produce a product only
when it is needed and only in the quantities
demanded by customers.

A

Just-in-Time Manufacturing

71
Q

is the set of activities required to
design, develop, produce, market, and deliver
products and services to customers

A

Value chain

72
Q

Is the crucial element in all phases of the
value chain.

A

Time

73
Q

○ Detailed formulation of future actions to achieve a
particular end.

A

Planning

74
Q

is information that can be used to
evaluate or correct the steps being taken to
implement a plan

A

Feedback

75
Q

The process of choosing among competing
alternatives.

A

Decision Making

76
Q

these are calculated to estimate
the resources or inputs that are used in the
production of a good or service

A

Costs

77
Q

Productivity costs is similar to the term

A

“indirect costs”

78
Q

When costs are calculated based on data
obtained for more than a year prior to the
study, cost adjustment is required.

A

Costs standardization

79
Q

this is the least precise method
of estimating hospital costs

A

Per diem

80
Q

it is more
precise to use estimated costs per day for
specific diseases.

A

Disease-specific per diem

81
Q

a method
used to classify clinically cohesive
diagnoses and procedures that use the
same resources.

A

Diagnosis-related group (DRG)

82
Q

the most precise method of
estimating hospital costs. This requires
gathering data on resource utilization for
each intervention component.

A

Micro-costing

PRELIMS (13 decks)

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