Phases and Phase Changes Flashcards
Solids
Fixed shape and volume. Particles do not flow and move past one another.
Amorphous solids
No order to their particles. Stop, but are not as rigid as crystalline solids
EX) glass, rubbers and plastics
Crystalline solids
Packed in an ordered manner with a pattern
EX) salt
4 types of Crystalline solids
Ionic, molecular, covalent network, and metallic solids
Ionic solids
Made up of ionic compounds like sodium chloride. The particles are ordered to encourage electrostatic reactions
Molecular solids
molecules held together by non-ionic intermolecular forces
EX) ice
Covalent network solids
Held together by covalent bonds
EX) diamond
Metallic solids
metal atoms held together by metallic bonds. The delocalized valence electrons in metallic solids are what allow metals to conduct heat
EX) gold
Liquids
Have no fixed shape, are hard to compress, and flow readily
Viscosity
The resistance of liquid to flow
EX) honey
Surface tension
amount of energy needed to increase the surface area of a liquid. Created by intermolecular forces.
Adhesive forces
the attraction of molecules of two different substances. cohesive and adhesive forces act together to produce capillary action (movement of liquid against force of gravity against side of a glass)
Gases
No fixed shape, flow readily, are compressible and expandable
Pressure equation and units
P=Force/ Area
Pascal (N/m^2)
The process of a solid transforming into a liquid
Fussion or melting
The process of a liquid transforming into a gas
Vaporization
The process of a gas transforming into a liquid
Condensation
The process of a liquid transforming into a solid
Freezing
The process of a solid transforming into a gas
Sublimation
The process of a gas transforming into a solid
Deposition
Gibbs Free Energy, how to tell when its spon or non-spon
G > 0 = non-spon
G < 0 = spon
Gibbs free energy equation
G= H - TS
H=enthalpy
T= temperature
S= entropy
How is enthalpy and entropy changed when turning a solid into a liquid or liquid into gas?
Add heat, +H
+S
Is an increase or decrease in entropy (S) and enthalpy (H) thermodynamically favored?
Increase S because it contributes to a more negative G
Decrease H
Are high or low temps favored for turning a solid into a liquid or liquid into gas?
high
low for vise versa
Phase Diagram
Look one up and talk about relation between phases
