Pharynx & Larynx

Question 1

The Nasal Cavity is

Enclosed inside

Answer 1

The Bones of the face,

the potrusion which defines the nostrils is made of cartilages, fibrous tissue and fat.

Question 2

The Nasal Cavity develops from

Answer 2

The nasal plactode.

The Plactode produces a nasal sac that invaginates at 6 weeks.

A cavity is formed between itself and the mouth.

At week 7, the oronasal membrane and the buccopharyngeal membrane have fused into the posterior nares.

At 12 weeks, three nasal conchae have formed, and the oropharynx is more prominent.

Question 3

Cranial Air sinuses

4

Answer 3

1. 2 Frontal,
2. 2 Maxilliary
3. 1 Ethmoid
4. 1 Sphenoid

Question 4

The Lacrimal duct

Answer 4

Extends from 2 canals from the eye to below the inferior turbinate.

Question 5

The Anterior nares contains

3

Answer 5

1. Superior nasal concha from the ethmoid
2. Middle Nasal concha from the ethmoid
3. The Separate inferior nasal concha.

Question 6

The Muscles of the pharynx are supplied

Answer 6

Autonomically

By the pharyngeal plexus

Parasympathetics from CN9 And CN10

Sypmathetics from the cervical ganglion.

These are skeletal muscles.

Question 7

Suprahyoid muscles

4

Answer 7

1. Anterior and posterior belly of digastric
2. Stylohyoid (CN7)
3. Geniohyoid (CN12 and C1)
4. Myohyoid (CN5iii)

Question 8

Infrahyoid muscles

Answer 8

Sternohyoid

Sternothyroid

Thyrohyoid

Omohyoid superior belly

Omohyoid Inferior belly

All cervical except the Thyrohyoid (CN12)

Question 9

Omohyoid

5

Answer 9

1. Infrahyoid muscle
2. Superior belly on head on the hyoid,
3. Inferior Belly on the Scapula
4. Deep to the sternocleidomastiod
5. Medial ligament attached to the clavicle.

Question 10

Sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles

Answer 10

Medial to the Omohyoid,

Sternothyroid is shorter than and deep to the sternohyoid.

Question 11

Larynx Functions

3

Answer 11

1. Provision of a sphincter and controlled entrance for the airway
2. Vocalisation (phonation)
3. Effort closure given intraabdominal pressure

Question 12

Laryngeal cartilages and their pharyngeal arch

Answer 12

1. Thyroid Cartilage 4th
2. Cricoid cartilage 4th
3. Epiglottis 4th
4. Arytenoids 6th
5. Corniculates 6th

Question 13

hyoid, thyroid and cricoid connection

Anterior

Posterior

Lateral

Answer 13

1. On the anterior side
2. Between each are vagus controlled muscles
3. there is a medial ligament
4. and a broad lateral membrane
5. The names are predicatable
6. The open shelf of the thyroid cartilage opens to show the expnded cricoid
7. two arytenoids,
8. The epiglottis emerges as if a petal.

In cross section, the thyrohyoid ligament is separated from the hyoepiglottic ligament by fat.

Question 15

Laryngeal Innervation

5

Answer 15

1. All vagal
2. Above the vocal fold, internal laryngeal nerve
3. Externally, the external laryngeal nerve
4. The internal and external laryngeal nerves are branches of the superior laryngeal nerve.
5. Below the vocal fold, the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Question 17

Epiglottis closures

Answer 17

Serve to deepen the piriform fossa, creating lateral canals for the food to enter the GI tract.

Sphincter muscles surrounding the laryngeal opening serve to allow effort closure of the larynx to raise infra abdominal pressure.

Question 18

Small muscles to be seen by a posterior view of the larynx

5

Answer 18

1. Aryepiglottic muscle
2. Oblique arytenoid muscle
3. Transverse arytenoid muscle
4. Posterior cricosrytenoid muscle

Supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except 1: aryepiglottic

Question 19

Vocal folds

Answer 19

These run from the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage (its anterior extremity) to the medial posterior surface of the thyroid.

Separation of the vocal folds enlarges the rima glottidis

Contraction of the cricothyroid muscles rock the thryroid muscle forward, increasing tension in the vocal folds and thus increasing the pitch of the sound vocalised.

Question 20

The larynx in neonates

Answer 20

Is placed so high that the epiglottis contracts the soft palate.

Thus the baby can suck and breathe at the same time.