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22010 > Pharmocological Profiles > Flashcards

Pharmocological Profiles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the actions of Sedative-Hypnotics? (Barbiturates)

A

Causes a dose-dependent depression of the Central Nervous System fucntion. Induces sedation, sleep and unconsciousness with increasing dose.

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2
Q

What are the actions of long acting barbiturates?

A
  1. Anticonvulsant properties
  2. Depress the sensory cortex
  3. Decrease motor activity
  4. Alter Cerebellar Function
  5. Produce sedation and hypnosis
  6. Respiratory Depression
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3
Q

What are some uses of Barbiturates?

A
  1. Sedation

2. Management of Seizures

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4
Q

What are some contraindications of barbiturates?

A
  1. Hypersensitivity
  2. Marked hepatic impairment
  3. Dypsnea or Airway obstruction
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5
Q

What are some examples of barbiturates?

A
  1. Phenobarbital
  2. Temazepam
  3. Restoril
  4. Zolpidem or Ambien
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6
Q

What are the different classes of psychotherapeutics?

A
  1. Sedatives and Hypnotics
  2. Antianxiety Drugs
  3. Antidepressants
  4. Antipsychotics
  5. Central Nervous Stimulants
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7
Q

How are antianxiety drugs divided?

A
  1. Benzodiazepines

2. Non-Benzodiazepines

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8
Q

How do Benzodiazepines effect the body?

A

Cause generalized CNS depression

With long term use, may produce tolerance and potential for psychological or physical dependence

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9
Q

Which receptors do Benzo’s effect?

A

Bind to specific benzodiazepoine receptors in the GABA receptor complex

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10
Q

How do Non-Benzo’s effect the body?

A

Act on brain’s dopamine and serotonin receptors

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11
Q

What are antianxiety drugs used for?

A

Management of various forms of anxiety

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12
Q

What are the contraindications for for Antianxiety drugs?

A
  1. Not for use by patients with pre-existing CNS depression
  2. Acute Narrow Glaucoma
  3. Pregnancy class D (Not recommended for use during pregnancy)
  4. Do not take with alcohol
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13
Q

What are examples of Benzos?

A

Alprazolam
Diazepam
Lorazepam

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14
Q

What are examples of non-benzos?

A

Buspirone hydorchloride
hydroxyzine
Sertraline (SSRI)

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15
Q

What are the actions of TCA antidepressants?

A

Increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting their reuptake, and block the actoin of acetylcholine

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16
Q

What are the actions of MAOI antidepressants?

A

Inhibits the activity of Monoamine oxidase resulting in increased endogenous neurohormones

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17
Q

What are the actions of SSRI antidepressants?

A

Increase serotonin by inhibiting neuronal uptake to CNS

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18
Q

What is a TCA?

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants

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19
Q

What are MAOI’s?

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

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20
Q

What are SSRI’s?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

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21
Q

What are SNRI’s?

A

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

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22
Q

What are antidepressants used for?

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
  3. Smoking Cessation
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23
Q

What are the contraindications of TCA Antidepressants?

A
  1. Coadministration with or within 14 dayts of MAOI’s

2. Acute Recovery Phase following myocardial infarction

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24
Q

What are the contraindications of MAOI Antidepressants?

A

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA Disease)
Hypertension
Congestive Heart Failure
Elderly

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25
Q

What are the contraindications of SSRI Antidepressants?

A

Fluoxetine is less effectice in patients who smoke

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26
Q

What herbal remedy shouldn’t be taken with Antidepressants?

A

St John’s Wort

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27
Q

What are examples of Antidepressants?

A
  1. MAOI: Nardil
  2. SRI: Trazodone
  3. SNRI: Venlafaxine and Duloxetine
  4. SSRI: Citalopram, Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine
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28
Q

What are the actions of antipsychotics?

A

Block dopamine receptors in the brain

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29
Q

What are the uses of Antipsychotics?

A

Treatment of acute and chronic psychoses

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30
Q

What are the contraindications of Antipsychotics?

A

Not recommended in severly depressed patients

Hypotension

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31
Q

What are examples of Antipsychotics?

A

Haloperidol
Prochlorperazine
Quetiapine
Olanzapine

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32
Q

What action do Central Nervous Stiumlants (CNS) have on the body?

A

Produce CNS stimulation by increasing levels of neurotransmitters in the CNS

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33
Q

What are CNS drugs used for?

A

Treatment of Narcolepsy and as adjunctive treatment in the management of ADHD

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34
Q

What are the contraindications of CNS Stimulants?

A

Moderate to Severe Hypertension and Stroke
Glaucoma
Hypersensitivity to Amphetamines
(Risk of Physical Dependence)

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35
Q

What are some examples of CNS Drugs?

A

Amphetamines: Methylphenidate HCL or Dextroamphetamine
Anorexiants: Phentermine

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36
Q

What is the action of Anticonvulsants on the body?

A

Reduction of excitability of the neurons of the brain

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37
Q

What are the different types of Seizures?

A 
Psychomotor
Tonic-Clonic
Myoclonic 
Absence Seizures
Epilepsy
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38
Q

What is the use of Anticonvulsants?

A

Decrease the incidence and severity of seizures of various etiologies

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39
Q

What are the contraindications of Anticonvulsants?

A

Patients with CNS Depression
Pregancy D: Not Recommended for use in Pregnancy
Psychoses, acute narrow-angle glaucoma

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40
Q

What are examples of Anticonvulsants?

A

Benzos: Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam
Clonazepam
Non-Benzos: Phenytoin, Ethosuximide, Valproic Acid

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41
Q

What action does Antiemetics have on the body?

A

Primarily by inhibiting the chemoreceptor trigger zone or by depressing the sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

  1. Phenothiazines: Act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to inhibit nausea and vomiting
  2. Dimenhydrinate, Scopolamine, and Meclizine: Act as antiemetic mainly by diminishing motion sickness
  3. Metoclopramide: Decreases nausea and vomiting by its effects on gastric empyting
  4. Odansetron: Blocks the effects of serotonin at 5-HT3 Receptor sites
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42
Q

What are the uses of Antiemetics/Antinauseants?

A

Antiemetic: Prophylaxis or treatment of nausea or vomiting
Antivertigo: Treat Vertigo

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43
Q

What are the contraindications of Antiemetics?

A

Not recommended in patients with CNS depression
Not for use in Pregnancy (X)
Do not use with alcohol
Will cause increased sedation

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44
Q

What are some Antiemetic drugs?

A 
Phenothiazines
Prochlorperazine
Chlorpromazine
Metoclopramide
Ondansetron
Promethazine
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45
Q

What are some antivertigo drugs?

A

Meclizine (Antivertigo)
Diphenhydramine
Benzodiazepines

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46
Q

What are the action of Anesthetics on the body?

A

Local: Desensitize skin or subcutaneous tissue
Keatmine: Causes neuroinhibition and anesthesia, where the patient is dissociated from the surrounding

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47
Q

What is the use of Anesthetics?

A
  1. Local Anesthetics: Used to produce a loss of sensation prior to minor painful procedures
  2. Induction of General or Regional Anesthesia
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48
Q

What are some contraindications of Anesthetics?

A
  1. Ketamine: Conditions in which increase in blood pressure would be hazardous
  2. When used for procedural sedation: Known or suspected schizophrenia
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49
Q

What are some examples of Anesthetics?

A 
Lidocaine
Bupivacaine
Ketamine
Propofol: IV induction drug of choice
Etomidate: Selected to induce general anestheia in patients with hemodynamic instability
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50
Q

What are the classes of Analgesics?

A

Salicylate
Non-Salicylate
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
Urinary Analgesics

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51
Q

What is the action of Salicylate Analgesics?

A

Inhibition of prostaglandins, dilates peripheral blood vessels (cools body), prolong bleeding by inhibiting aggregation of platelets

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52
Q

What are Analgesics used for?

A 
Relief of mild to moderate pain
Reduction of body temperature
Inflammatory conditions
Decrease risk of myocardial infarction
Prevention and treatment of blood clots
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53
Q

What are the contraindications of salicylate analgesics?

A

Not recommended for use in pregnancy (Cat D)

Not recommended for use in patients with bleeding disorders

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54
Q

What are some examples of Salicylate Analgesics?

A

Aspirin: Bayer, Ecotrin, Enteric Coated Aspirin

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55
Q

What is the action for Non-Salicylate Analgesics?

A

Analgesic and Anyipyretic

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56
Q

What is the use for non-salicylate analgesics?

A

Relieve mild to moderate pain
Reduce body temperature (antipyretic)
Arthritis

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57
Q

What are the contraindicationsa for Non-salicylate analgesics?

A

Hepatotoxicity: Acetaminophen has been associated with acute liver failure. Resulting in liver transplant and death

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58
Q

What are some examples of Non-salicylate analgesics?

A

Acetaminophen: Tylenol

Benzocaine-Menthol: Cepacol

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59
Q

What is the action of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs?

A

Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis which is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis

  1. Anti-Inflammatory
  2. Analgesic
  3. Antipyretic
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60
Q

How are Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs used?

A

Arthritis
Mild to Moderate pain relief
Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation)
Fever Reduction

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61
Q

What are some contraindications of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs?

A

Celecoxib: Allergy to Sulfonamides
Ibuprogen: Peptic Ulcer, GI Bleed, Hypertension

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62
Q

What are some examples of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs?

A

NSAIDS:

  1. Ibuprofen: Motrin or Advil
  2. Indometachin: Indocin (First line treatment for Gout)
  3. Ketorolac: Toradol
  4. Naproxen: Aleve, Naprosyn
  5. Celecoxib: Celebrex
  6. Meloxicam: Mobic
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63
Q

What is the action of Urinary Anesthetic/Analgesics?

A

Pyridium is a topical bladder and urethral anesthetic and analgesic through an unknown mechanism

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64
Q

What is the use for Urinary Anesthetic/Analgesics?

A

Bladder analgesic used to treat pain associated with a urinary tract infection

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65
Q

What is the contraindication for Urinary Anesthetics/Analgesics?

A

Allergy to Pyridium or renal insufficiency

Patient Mgmt: Pregnancy B

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66
Q

What is the action of Narcotic Analgesics?

A

Bind to opioid receptor sites (Mu) acting as agonist altering perception of pain

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67
Q

What are Narcotic Analgesics used for?

A

Managed moderate to severe acute pain, opiate dependence

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68
Q

What are the contraindications for Narcotic Analgesics?

A
  1. Head Injury or Intracranial Pressure, Coronary Artery Disease
  2. Hypoxia
  3. Hepatic Impairment
  4. Hypersensitive to opiods or naloxone
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69
Q

What are some examples of Narcotic Analgesics?

A 
Codeine
Fentanyl
Hydromorphone
Methadone
Morphine Sulfate
Oxycodone
Hydrocodone
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70
Q

What actions do Narcotic Antagonists have?

A

Naloxone: Competitive antagonists with stronger bond to opiod receptors than agonists. Prevents the body from responding to opiates and endorphins

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71
Q

What is the use of Narcotic Antagonist?

A

Complete or partial reversal of narcotic depression incuding respiratory depression; overdose of a narcotic

72
Q

What are the contraindications for Narcotic Antagonist?

A

Used with caution in patients with Coronary Artery Disease, Pregnant women and opioid dependent mothers

73
Q

What is an example of a Narcotic Antagonist?

A

Naloxone: Narcan

74
Q

What are the actions of Antihistamines?

A
  1. H1-Antihistamines work by binding to histamine H1 receptors in mast cells smooth muscle, and endothelium in the body as well as in the brain.
  2. Suppress the histamine-induced wheal response (swelling) and flare response (vasodilation)
75
Q

What are antihistamines used for?

A
  1. Allergies, Allergic reactions, sedation

2. Treat gastric acid conditions, relief of Parkinson-like reactions

76
Q

What are the contraindications for Antihistamines?

A

Lactating women, pregnancy (CAT C and D)

77
Q

What are some examples of antihistamines?

A 
1st Generation
1. Diphenhydramine
2. Hydroxzine
3. Promethazine
2nd Generation
1. Cetirizine HCL
2. Fexofenadine
3. Loratadine
78
Q

What are the actions of Decongestants?

A

Act by enhancing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptorsAct by enhancing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors

79
Q

What are the uses of Decongestants?

A

Nasal Congestion, Middle Ear Infection/Esustachian Tube dysfunction

80
Q

What are some contraindications of Decongestants?

A
  1. Use with caution in hypertension, Diabetes Type 2,
    increased intraocular pressure
    2, May worsen prostatic hyperplasis/urinary obstruction
  2. Elderly may be more sensitive
  3. Not recommended for use in pregnancy (Pregnancy: CAT C)
81
Q

What are some examples of Decongetants?

A

Oxymetazoline HCL
Pseudoephedrine
Phenylephrine

82
Q

What are the action of Bronchodilators?

A

Beta 2 Agonists: Opens the bronchi lumen allowing more air to enter the alveoli

83
Q

What is the use of Beta 2 Agonist (Bronchodilators)?

A

Treat Reversible airway obstruction

84
Q

What are some contraindications of Beta 2 Agonist (Bronchodilators)?

A

Cardiac Arrhythmias, narrow angle glaucoma

Use albuterol with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus: May increase serum blood glucose

85
Q

What is the action of Muscarinic Antagonists Bronchodilators?

A

Direct relaxation of smooth muscles of the bronchi

86
Q

What is the use of Muscarinic Antagonists Bronchodilators?

A

Symptomatic relief of prevention of bronchial asthma and the mgmt of chronic obstructibve pulmonary disease (COPD)

87
Q

What are some contraindications of Muscarinic Antagonists Bronchodilators?

A

Peptic ulcer, Seizure, arrhythmias, and hyperthyroid

Use in pregnancy only if potential benefit outweighs the risk (Pregnancy CAT: C)

88
Q

What is the action of Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers?

A

Leukotriene: Decrease inflammation

Mast Cell: Decrease bronchoconstriction and inflammation

89
Q

What is the use of Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers?

A

Treatment of Asthma

Treatment of COPD

90
Q

What are the contraindications of Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers?

A

Acute Asthma/bronchospasm: Not FDA approved for use in the reversal of bronchospasm in acute asthma attacks including status asthmaticus
Aspirin-sensitive asthmatics: Montelukast (Singluar) will not interrupt bronchoconstrictor response to aspirin or other NSAIDS; patients with known aspirin sensitivity should avoid these agents

91
Q

What are some examples of Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers?

A

Leukotriene Antagonist: Montelukast

Mast Cell Stabilizers: Cromolyn

92
Q

What action do Inhaled Corticosteroids have on the body?

A
  1. Produce profound and varied metabolic effects, in addition to modifying the normal immune response and suppressing inflammation
  2. Decrease inflammatory process in the airway through inhibiting multiple different inflammatory cytokines
93
Q

What are Inhaled Corticosteroids used for?

A
  1. Larger doses are usually used for their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, or antineoplastic activity
  2. Used in the chronic mgmt of reversible airway disease (asthma
94
Q

What are some contraindications of Inhaled Corticosteroids?

A

Acute bronchospams, status asthmaticus

Caution with compromised immune system

95
Q

What are some examples of Inhaled Corticosteroids?

A

Budesonide

Fluticasone

96
Q

What are the actions of Antitussives?

A

Central acting: depresses cough center

Peripheral acting: anesthetize stretch receptors

97
Q

What are the uses of Antitussives?

A

Relieve a non-productive cough

Sometimes with a productive cough

98
Q

What are some contraindications of Antitussives?

A

Premature infants
Caution with persistent or chronic cough
Respiratory Disorders

99
Q

What are some examples of Antitussives?

A

Codeine Sulfate
Benzonatate
Dextromethrophan
Diphenhydramine

100
Q

What actions do Mucolytics and Expectorants have on the body?

A

Mucolytic: Loosens respiratory secretions
Expectorante: Raise mucus from respiratory system

101
Q

What are some uses of Mucolytic and Expectorants?

A

Mucolytic: Bronchopulmonary Diseases
Expectorant: Common Cold

102
Q

What are some contraindications of Mucolytics and Expectorants?

A

Caution if persistent cough

103
Q

What are some examples of Mucolytics and Expectorants?

A

Mucolytic: Acetylcysteine
Expectorant: Guaifenesin

104
Q

What action do Antiarrhythmics have on the body?

A

Cardiac Arrhythmias: abnormal electric current in the heart

  1. Blockade of Na or K channels
  2. Rise the potential threshold
  3. Block Beta Receptors
  4. Block Calcium Channels
105
Q

What are some uses of Cardiac Arrhythmias?

A 
Premature ventricular contractions
Tachycardia
Premature atrial contractions
Ventricular dysrhythmias
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter
106
Q

What are some examples of Cardiac Arrhythmias medications?

A 
Lidocaine HCL
Amiodarone
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
     Verapamil
      Diltiazem
107
Q

What action do Nitrate Antianginal agents have on the body?

A

Direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle of blood vessels. (Both arterials and veins)

108
Q

What are Antianginal agents used for?

A

Treatment of angina pectoris

109
Q

What are the contraindications of Nitrates?

A

Postural hypotension, closed-angle glaucoma and right sided heart failurs

110
Q

What are some examples of Nitrates?

A

Nitroglycerin

111
Q

What are the classes of Antihypertensives?

A
  1. Ace Inhibitors, Angiotensin II antagonists
  2. Diuretics
  3. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
  4. Beta Blocker
112
Q

What is the action of ACE inhibitors/ARB’s?

A
  1. Lower blood pressure by dilating or increasing the size of the arterial blood vessels
  2. 1st line indication of treatment of hypertension in patients with Diabetes Mellitus
113
Q

What are some adverse effects of Ace Inhibitors?

A

Dry, hacking cough has been described in 5 to 20 percent of patients treated with an ACE inhibitor

114
Q

What is a contraindication of Ace Inhibitors?

A

Caution with Renal or Hepatic Disease

Electrolyte Imbalance

115
Q

What are examples of Ace Inhibitors?

A 
End with -Pril
Lisinopril
Captopril
Enalapril
Ramipril
116
Q

What is the action of Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Cause peripheral vasodilation (in inhibits calcium from getting into the muscle cells to cause contraction)

117
Q

What are the uses of Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Treating High Blood Pressure

Atrial Cardiac Arrhythmias

118
Q

What are the 2 types of Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Dihydropyridines: Potent Vasodilators

Non-Dihydropyridines: Less Potent Vasodilators

119
Q

What are the contraindications for Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Dihydropyridines: Hepatic Impairment, Severe Coronary Artery Disease, Severe Aortic Stenosis
Non-Dihydropyridines: Sick Sinus Syndrome, Second or Third-degree heart block, Acute myocardial infarction, and Congestive Heart Failure

120
Q

What are some examples of Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Dihydropyridines: Nifedipine, Felodipine, Nicardipine, Amlodipine
Non-Dihydropyridines: Verapamil, Diltiazem

121
Q

How do Beta Blockers work?

A
  1. Compete with sympathetic neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptor sites
  2. Beta 1: Adrenergic receptor sites are located chiefly in the heart where stimulation results in increased heart rate, contractility and AV conduction
  3. Beta 2: Adrenergic receptors are found mainly in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle and the uterus
122
Q

What is the use of Beta Blockers?

A

Mgmt of hypertension, angina pectoris, tachyarrhythmia, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, migraine headaches, Myocardial Infarction, glaucoma, congestive heart failure, and hyperthyroidism

123
Q

What are the contraindications for Beta Blockers?

A

Sinus Bradycardia
Heart Block
Hypotension
Bronchial Asthma

124
Q

What are some examples of Beta Blockers?

A

Metoprolol

Propanolol

125
Q

How do Antihyperlipidemic Diuretics work?

A

Increases the secretion of urine

126
Q

What are the subclasses of diuretics?

A 
Carbonic Anyhdrase Inhibitor
Loop Diuretics
Osmotic Diuretics
Potassium Sparing
Thiazide
127
Q

What are the uses of diuretics?

A

Open angle glaucoma, preoperatively to reduce intraocular pressure
Edema due to congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver and/or renal disease
Hypertension

128
Q

What are the contraindications of Beta Blockers?

A

Cross sensitivity with sulfonamides
kidney disease
Electrolyte imbalance
uncontrolled arrythmias

129
Q

What are examples of Diuretics?

A 
Carbonic Anyhdrase Inhibitor: Acetazolamide
Loop Diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide
Osmotic Diuretics: Mannitol
Potassium Sparing: Spironolactone
Thiazide: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
130
Q

What is the action of Hyperlipidemia Meds?

A
  1. HMG-Coa reductase inhibitors (Statins): Inhibit an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis
  2. Bile Acid Sequestrates: Bind cholesterol in the GI Tract
  3. Fenofibrate: Reduces VLDL and stimulates the catabolism of Triglyceriderich lipoproteins, which results in decrease in plasma triglycerides and cholesterol
131
Q

What is the use of Hyperlipidemia?

A

Reduction of blood lipids in an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its sequelae

132
Q

What are some examples of Hyperlipidemia Meds?

A
  1. HMG-Coa reductase inhibitors (Statins): Atorvastatin, Simvastatin
  2. Bile Acid Sequestrates: Cholestyramine, Colestipol, Colesevelam
  3. Fenofibrate: Fenofibrate
133
Q

What is the action of Antacids?

A

Neutralize or reduce the acidity of the stomach and duodenal contents by combining with hydrochloric acid and producing salt and water

134
Q

What are the uses of Antacids?

A 
Heartburn
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Sour Stomach
Acid Ingestion
Peptic Ulcer
135
Q

What are contraindications of antacids?

A

Severe abdominal pain of unknown cause
Sodium containing: Patients with cardiovascular problems such as hypertension or Congestive Heart Failure
Calcium Containing: Renal Calculi or hypercalcemia

136
Q

What are examples of antacids?

A

Aluminum Hydroxide gel
Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
Calcium Carbonate (Tums)
Calcium Carbonate/Magnesium hydroxide: Rolaids
Sodium citrate/citric acid: Bicitra, Oracit

137
Q

What action does Histamine H2 Antagonist have on the body?

A

Inhibit the actions of histamine at histamine H2 receptor cells of the stomach which then reduces the secretion of gastric acid

138
Q

What are the uses of Histamine H2 Antagonists?

A 
Treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers
Gastric hyper secretory conditions
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Prevention of stress related ulcers
Acute upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding
139
Q

What are examples of Histamine H2 Antagonist?

A

Cimetidine
Famotidine
Ranitidine: April 2020 the FDA requested removal of OTC versions of this product due to carcinogenic effects

140
Q

What is the action of Proton Pump Inhibitors?

A

Suppress gastric acid secretion by blocking the final step in the production of gastric acid of the gastric mucosa

141
Q

What are the uses of Proton Pump Inhibitors?

A 
Treatment of gastric or duodenal ulcers 
GERD
Pathological hypersecretory conditions
Severe Heartburn
Erosive Esophagitis
Ulcers with Helicobacter Pylori
Treatment of GERD in pregnancy is available
142
Q

What are the contraindications of Proton Pump Inhibitors?

A

Risk of osteoporosis resulting from high dose and chronic use of PPIs

143
Q

What are examples of proton pump inhibitors?

A 
Esomeprazole
Omeprazole
Pantoprazole
Rebeprazole
Lansoprazole
144
Q

What are the actions antidiarrheal?

A

Decrease intestinal peristalsis (natural Movement) which is usually increased in a patient with diarrhea

145
Q

What are the uses of antidiarrheal meds?

A

Treatment of diarrhea

146
Q

What are the contraindications of antidiarrheal meds?

A

Diarrhea associated with organisms that can harm the intestinal mucosa
Pseudomembranous colitis
Abdominal pain of unknown origin
Obstructive jaundice

147
Q

What are examples of antidiarrheal meds?

A

Loperamide

148
Q

What is the action of antiflatulents?

A

Simethicone has a defoaming action that disperses and prevents the formation of mucus-surrounded gas pockets in the intestine

149
Q

What are the uses of antiflatulents?

A

Relief of painful symptoms of excess gas in the digestive tract
Generally considered safe in pregnancy

150
Q

What are examples of antiflatulents?

A

Simethicone

151
Q

What is the action of Laxatives?

A

Bulk-producing: Not digested by the body and therefore adds bulk and water to the contents of the intestines
Emollient: Lubricate the intestinal walls and soften the stool
Fecal softeners: Promote water retention in the fecal mass and soften stool
Hyperosmolar: Dehydrate local tissue causes irritation and increases peristalsis
Irritant or stimulant: Increase peristalsis by direct action on the intestine
Saline: Attract or pull water into the intestine, increasing pressure in the intestine followed by an increase in peristalsis

152
Q

What are the uses of laxatives?

A

Short term relief or preventions of constipation

Certain stimulant, emollient, and saline laxatives are used to empty the colon for rectal and bowel examinations

153
Q

What are the examples of Laxatives?

A

Bulk-producing: Pysllium Metamucil, Methylcellulose, Polycarbophil, Wheat dextrin
Emollient: Mineral Oil
Fecal softeners: Docusate Sodium
Hyperosmolar: Glycerin, Lactulose, Sorbitol
Irritant or stimulant: Bisacodyl, Senna
Saline: Magnesium citrate, Milk of magnesia

154
Q

What are the actions of Hemorrhoid agents?

A
  1. Topical corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties
  2. Treating the underlying hemorrhoidal condition are best achieved by increasing consumption of fiber/fiber supplements, use of laxatives, applying warm sitz baths and invasive procedures
155
Q

What is the use of Hemorrhoid agents?

A

Use in inflamed hemorrhoids

156
Q

What are examples of Hemorrhoid agents?

A 
Hydrocortisone
Cortifoam
Proctocream HC 2.5% cream
Pramzine
Tux pads
157
Q

What is the action of insulin?

A

Stimulates peripheral glucose uptake and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen by the liver. Insulin promotes protein synthesis and helps the body store fat by preventing its breakdown for energy

158
Q

What is the use if insulin?

A

Necessary for controlling type 1 diabetes mellitus that is caused by a marked decrease in the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas. Can be used to control more severe and complicated type 2 diabetes

159
Q

What are contraindications of Insulin?

A

Allergy to animal (pig or cow) from which the insulin was obtained
When taking combination with oral hypoglycemic agents may result in hypoglycemia

160
Q

What is the action of oral antidiabetics?

A

Sulfonylureas- Lower blood glucose by stimulating beta cells of pancreas to make more insulin
Biguanides- reduces hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat cell
Glucosidase inhibitors: lower blood sugar by delaying digestion of carbs and absorption
Meglitinides: Stimulates release of insulin
Thiazolidinediones: decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity

161
Q

What are the uses of oral antidiabetics?

A

Used to treat patients with Type 2 diabetes not controlled with diet and exercise

162
Q

What are the Contraindications of oral antidiabetics?

A

Biguanides (Metformin) may result in lactic acidosis, especially in patients with renal impairment

163
Q

What are examples of oral antidiabetics?

A 
Sulfonylureas- Glyburide
Biguanides- Metformin
Glucosidase inhibitors: Pioglitazone 
Insulin, Regular (injection, concentrated)
Regular Insulin (insulin injection)
164
Q

What is the the action of Thyroid Hormones?

A

Influence every organ and tissue in the body

165
Q

What are the uses of Thyroid hormones?

A

Used as a replacement therapy when a patient is hypothyroid

166
Q

What are contraindications of Thyroid hormones?

A

Myocardial infarction

Thyrotoxicosis

167
Q

What are examples of Thyroid hormones?

A

Levothyroxine

168
Q

What actions do male hormones have on the body?

A

Testosterone and its derivatives aid in the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics: Facial hair, deep voice, body hair, body fat distribution and muscle development

169
Q

What are the uses of Male Hormone medications?

A

Replacement therapy for testosterone deficiency
Breast Cancer in Females
Delayed puberty in males

170
Q

What are contraindications of Male hormone medications?

A

Liver disorders
Serious cardiac disease
Prostate gland disorders
Contraindicated in breast cancer in males; prostate cancer

171
Q

What are examples of male hormone meds?

A

Methyltestosterone

172
Q

What are the actions of contraceptives?

A

Estrogens: Protein anabolism, thinning of the cervical mucus, inhibitions of ovulation
Progestin: Necessary for the development of placenta and inhibit the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, which in turn prevents maturation of the ovarian follicle and ovulation

173
Q

What are examples of oral contraceptives?

A

Progestin-only pills
a: Norethindrone (Minipill)
b: Drospirenone (Yasmin)
c: Levonorgestrel (Emergency Contraceptive) One 1.5 mg tablet within 72 hours of unprotected sex
Or one 0.75 mg tablet within 72 hours of unprotected sex and a second 0.75 tablet within 12 hours after the first dose

174
Q

What are the uses of contraceptives?

A 
Prevents Pregnancy
Regulation of Menstrual Cycle
Dysmenorrhea
Reduce Acne
Note: must be taken at the exact time every day to be effective for birth control
175
Q

What are the contraindications of contraceptives?

A

Breast Cancer
Undiagnosed abnormal genital/uterine bleeding
Thromboembolic disease (Risk is increased in females 35 yrs or older and that use tobacco)

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