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Pharmocological Profiles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the actions of Sedative-Hypnotics? (Barbiturates)

A

Causes a dose-dependent depression of the Central Nervous System fucntion. Induces sedation, sleep and unconsciousness with increasing dose.

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2
Q

What are the actions of long acting barbiturates?

A
  1. Anticonvulsant properties
  2. Depress the sensory cortex
  3. Decrease motor activity
  4. Alter Cerebellar Function
  5. Produce sedation and hypnosis
  6. Respiratory Depression
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3
Q

What are some uses of Barbiturates?

A
  1. Sedation

2. Management of Seizures

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4
Q

What are some contraindications of barbiturates?

A
  1. Hypersensitivity
  2. Marked hepatic impairment
  3. Dypsnea or Airway obstruction
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5
Q

What are some examples of barbiturates?

A
  1. Phenobarbital
  2. Temazepam
  3. Restoril
  4. Zolpidem or Ambien
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6
Q

What are the different classes of psychotherapeutics?

A
  1. Sedatives and Hypnotics
  2. Antianxiety Drugs
  3. Antidepressants
  4. Antipsychotics
  5. Central Nervous Stimulants
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7
Q

How are antianxiety drugs divided?

A
  1. Benzodiazepines

2. Non-Benzodiazepines

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8
Q

How do Benzodiazepines effect the body?

A

Cause generalized CNS depression

With long term use, may produce tolerance and potential for psychological or physical dependence

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9
Q

Which receptors do Benzo’s effect?

A

Bind to specific benzodiazepoine receptors in the GABA receptor complex

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10
Q

How do Non-Benzo’s effect the body?

A

Act on brain’s dopamine and serotonin receptors

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11
Q

What are antianxiety drugs used for?

A

Management of various forms of anxiety

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12
Q

What are the contraindications for for Antianxiety drugs?

A
  1. Not for use by patients with pre-existing CNS depression
  2. Acute Narrow Glaucoma
  3. Pregnancy class D (Not recommended for use during pregnancy)
  4. Do not take with alcohol
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13
Q

What are examples of Benzos?

A

Alprazolam
Diazepam
Lorazepam

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14
Q

What are examples of non-benzos?

A

Buspirone hydorchloride
hydroxyzine
Sertraline (SSRI)

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15
Q

What are the actions of TCA antidepressants?

A

Increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting their reuptake, and block the actoin of acetylcholine

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16
Q

What are the actions of MAOI antidepressants?

A

Inhibits the activity of Monoamine oxidase resulting in increased endogenous neurohormones

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17
Q

What are the actions of SSRI antidepressants?

A

Increase serotonin by inhibiting neuronal uptake to CNS

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18
Q

What is a TCA?

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants

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19
Q

What are MAOI’s?

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

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20
Q

What are SSRI’s?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

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21
Q

What are SNRI’s?

A

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

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22
Q

What are antidepressants used for?

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
  3. Smoking Cessation
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23
Q

What are the contraindications of TCA Antidepressants?

A
  1. Coadministration with or within 14 dayts of MAOI’s

2. Acute Recovery Phase following myocardial infarction

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24
Q

What are the contraindications of MAOI Antidepressants?

A

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA Disease)
Hypertension
Congestive Heart Failure
Elderly

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25
What are the contraindications of SSRI Antidepressants?
Fluoxetine is less effectice in patients who smoke
26
What herbal remedy shouldn't be taken with Antidepressants?
St John's Wort
27
What are examples of Antidepressants?
1. MAOI: Nardil 2. SRI: Trazodone 3. SNRI: Venlafaxine and Duloxetine 4. SSRI: Citalopram, Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine
28
What are the actions of antipsychotics?
Block dopamine receptors in the brain
29
What are the uses of Antipsychotics?
Treatment of acute and chronic psychoses
30
What are the contraindications of Antipsychotics?
Not recommended in severly depressed patients | Hypotension
31
What are examples of Antipsychotics?
Haloperidol Prochlorperazine Quetiapine Olanzapine
32
What action do Central Nervous Stiumlants (CNS) have on the body?
Produce CNS stimulation by increasing levels of neurotransmitters in the CNS
33
What are CNS drugs used for?
Treatment of Narcolepsy and as adjunctive treatment in the management of ADHD
34
What are the contraindications of CNS Stimulants?
Moderate to Severe Hypertension and Stroke Glaucoma Hypersensitivity to Amphetamines (Risk of Physical Dependence)
35
What are some examples of CNS Drugs?
Amphetamines: Methylphenidate HCL or Dextroamphetamine Anorexiants: Phentermine
36
What is the action of Anticonvulsants on the body?
Reduction of excitability of the neurons of the brain
37
What are the different types of Seizures?
``` Psychomotor Tonic-Clonic Myoclonic Absence Seizures Epilepsy ```
38
What is the use of Anticonvulsants?
Decrease the incidence and severity of seizures of various etiologies
39
What are the contraindications of Anticonvulsants?
Patients with CNS Depression Pregancy D: Not Recommended for use in Pregnancy Psychoses, acute narrow-angle glaucoma
40
What are examples of Anticonvulsants?
Benzos: Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam Clonazepam Non-Benzos: Phenytoin, Ethosuximide, Valproic Acid
41
What action does Antiemetics have on the body?
Primarily by inhibiting the chemoreceptor trigger zone or by depressing the sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear 1. Phenothiazines: Act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to inhibit nausea and vomiting 2. Dimenhydrinate, Scopolamine, and Meclizine: Act as antiemetic mainly by diminishing motion sickness 3. Metoclopramide: Decreases nausea and vomiting by its effects on gastric empyting 4. Odansetron: Blocks the effects of serotonin at 5-HT3 Receptor sites
42
What are the uses of Antiemetics/Antinauseants?
Antiemetic: Prophylaxis or treatment of nausea or vomiting Antivertigo: Treat Vertigo
43
What are the contraindications of Antiemetics?
Not recommended in patients with CNS depression Not for use in Pregnancy (X) Do not use with alcohol Will cause increased sedation
44
What are some Antiemetic drugs?
``` Phenothiazines Prochlorperazine Chlorpromazine Metoclopramide Ondansetron Promethazine ```
45
What are some antivertigo drugs?
Meclizine (Antivertigo) Diphenhydramine Benzodiazepines
46
What are the action of Anesthetics on the body?
Local: Desensitize skin or subcutaneous tissue Keatmine: Causes neuroinhibition and anesthesia, where the patient is dissociated from the surrounding
47
What is the use of Anesthetics?
1. Local Anesthetics: Used to produce a loss of sensation prior to minor painful procedures 2. Induction of General or Regional Anesthesia
48
What are some contraindications of Anesthetics?
1. Ketamine: Conditions in which increase in blood pressure would be hazardous 2. When used for procedural sedation: Known or suspected schizophrenia
49
What are some examples of Anesthetics?
``` Lidocaine Bupivacaine Ketamine Propofol: IV induction drug of choice Etomidate: Selected to induce general anestheia in patients with hemodynamic instability ```
50
What are the classes of Analgesics?
Salicylate Non-Salicylate Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) Urinary Analgesics
51
What is the action of Salicylate Analgesics?
Inhibition of prostaglandins, dilates peripheral blood vessels (cools body), prolong bleeding by inhibiting aggregation of platelets
52
What are Analgesics used for?
``` Relief of mild to moderate pain Reduction of body temperature Inflammatory conditions Decrease risk of myocardial infarction Prevention and treatment of blood clots ```
53
What are the contraindications of salicylate analgesics?
Not recommended for use in pregnancy (Cat D) | Not recommended for use in patients with bleeding disorders
54
What are some examples of Salicylate Analgesics?
Aspirin: Bayer, Ecotrin, Enteric Coated Aspirin
55
What is the action for Non-Salicylate Analgesics?
Analgesic and Anyipyretic
56
What is the use for non-salicylate analgesics?
Relieve mild to moderate pain Reduce body temperature (antipyretic) Arthritis
57
What are the contraindicationsa for Non-salicylate analgesics?
Hepatotoxicity: Acetaminophen has been associated with acute liver failure. Resulting in liver transplant and death
58
What are some examples of Non-salicylate analgesics?
Acetaminophen: Tylenol | Benzocaine-Menthol: Cepacol
59
What is the action of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs?
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis which is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis 1. Anti-Inflammatory 2. Analgesic 3. Antipyretic
60
How are Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs used?
Arthritis Mild to Moderate pain relief Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation) Fever Reduction
61
What are some contraindications of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs?
Celecoxib: Allergy to Sulfonamides Ibuprogen: Peptic Ulcer, GI Bleed, Hypertension
62
What are some examples of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs?
NSAIDS: 1. Ibuprofen: Motrin or Advil 2. Indometachin: Indocin (First line treatment for Gout) 3. Ketorolac: Toradol 4. Naproxen: Aleve, Naprosyn 5. Celecoxib: Celebrex 6. Meloxicam: Mobic
63
What is the action of Urinary Anesthetic/Analgesics?
Pyridium is a topical bladder and urethral anesthetic and analgesic through an unknown mechanism
64
What is the use for Urinary Anesthetic/Analgesics?
Bladder analgesic used to treat pain associated with a urinary tract infection
65
What is the contraindication for Urinary Anesthetics/Analgesics?
Allergy to Pyridium or renal insufficiency | Patient Mgmt: Pregnancy B
66
What is the action of Narcotic Analgesics?
Bind to opioid receptor sites (Mu) acting as agonist altering perception of pain
67
What are Narcotic Analgesics used for?
Managed moderate to severe acute pain, opiate dependence
68
What are the contraindications for Narcotic Analgesics?
1. Head Injury or Intracranial Pressure, Coronary Artery Disease 2. Hypoxia 3. Hepatic Impairment 4. Hypersensitive to opiods or naloxone
69
What are some examples of Narcotic Analgesics?
``` Codeine Fentanyl Hydromorphone Methadone Morphine Sulfate Oxycodone Hydrocodone ```
70
What actions do Narcotic Antagonists have?
Naloxone: Competitive antagonists with stronger bond to opiod receptors than agonists. Prevents the body from responding to opiates and endorphins
71
What is the use of Narcotic Antagonist?
Complete or partial reversal of narcotic depression incuding respiratory depression; overdose of a narcotic
72
What are the contraindications for Narcotic Antagonist?
Used with caution in patients with Coronary Artery Disease, Pregnant women and opioid dependent mothers
73
What is an example of a Narcotic Antagonist?
Naloxone: Narcan
74
What are the actions of Antihistamines?
1. H1-Antihistamines work by binding to histamine H1 receptors in mast cells smooth muscle, and endothelium in the body as well as in the brain. 2. Suppress the histamine-induced wheal response (swelling) and flare response (vasodilation)
75
What are antihistamines used for?
1. Allergies, Allergic reactions, sedation | 2. Treat gastric acid conditions, relief of Parkinson-like reactions
76
What are the contraindications for Antihistamines?
Lactating women, pregnancy (CAT C and D)
77
What are some examples of antihistamines?
``` 1st Generation 1. Diphenhydramine 2. Hydroxzine 3. Promethazine 2nd Generation 1. Cetirizine HCL 2. Fexofenadine 3. Loratadine ```
78
What are the actions of Decongestants?
Act by enhancing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptorsAct by enhancing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors
79
What are the uses of Decongestants?
Nasal Congestion, Middle Ear Infection/Esustachian Tube dysfunction
80
What are some contraindications of Decongestants?
1. Use with caution in hypertension, Diabetes Type 2, increased intraocular pressure 2, May worsen prostatic hyperplasis/urinary obstruction 3. Elderly may be more sensitive 4. Not recommended for use in pregnancy (Pregnancy: CAT C)
81
What are some examples of Decongetants?
Oxymetazoline HCL Pseudoephedrine Phenylephrine
82
What are the action of Bronchodilators?
Beta 2 Agonists: Opens the bronchi lumen allowing more air to enter the alveoli
83
What is the use of Beta 2 Agonist (Bronchodilators)?
Treat Reversible airway obstruction
84
What are some contraindications of Beta 2 Agonist (Bronchodilators)?
Cardiac Arrhythmias, narrow angle glaucoma | Use albuterol with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus: May increase serum blood glucose
85
What is the action of Muscarinic Antagonists Bronchodilators?
Direct relaxation of smooth muscles of the bronchi
86
What is the use of Muscarinic Antagonists Bronchodilators?
Symptomatic relief of prevention of bronchial asthma and the mgmt of chronic obstructibve pulmonary disease (COPD)
87
What are some contraindications of Muscarinic Antagonists Bronchodilators?
Peptic ulcer, Seizure, arrhythmias, and hyperthyroid | Use in pregnancy only if potential benefit outweighs the risk (Pregnancy CAT: C)
88
What is the action of Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers?
Leukotriene: Decrease inflammation | Mast Cell: Decrease bronchoconstriction and inflammation
89
What is the use of Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers?
Treatment of Asthma | Treatment of COPD
90
What are the contraindications of Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers?
Acute Asthma/bronchospasm: Not FDA approved for use in the reversal of bronchospasm in acute asthma attacks including status asthmaticus Aspirin-sensitive asthmatics: Montelukast (Singluar) will not interrupt bronchoconstrictor response to aspirin or other NSAIDS; patients with known aspirin sensitivity should avoid these agents
91
What are some examples of Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers?
Leukotriene Antagonist: Montelukast | Mast Cell Stabilizers: Cromolyn
92
What action do Inhaled Corticosteroids have on the body?
1. Produce profound and varied metabolic effects, in addition to modifying the normal immune response and suppressing inflammation 2. Decrease inflammatory process in the airway through inhibiting multiple different inflammatory cytokines
93
What are Inhaled Corticosteroids used for?
1. Larger doses are usually used for their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, or antineoplastic activity 2. Used in the chronic mgmt of reversible airway disease (asthma
94
What are some contraindications of Inhaled Corticosteroids?
Acute bronchospams, status asthmaticus | Caution with compromised immune system
95
What are some examples of Inhaled Corticosteroids?
Budesonide | Fluticasone
96
What are the actions of Antitussives?
Central acting: depresses cough center | Peripheral acting: anesthetize stretch receptors
97
What are the uses of Antitussives?
Relieve a non-productive cough | Sometimes with a productive cough
98
What are some contraindications of Antitussives?
Premature infants Caution with persistent or chronic cough Respiratory Disorders
99
What are some examples of Antitussives?
Codeine Sulfate Benzonatate Dextromethrophan Diphenhydramine
100
What actions do Mucolytics and Expectorants have on the body?
Mucolytic: Loosens respiratory secretions Expectorante: Raise mucus from respiratory system
101
What are some uses of Mucolytic and Expectorants?
Mucolytic: Bronchopulmonary Diseases Expectorant: Common Cold
102
What are some contraindications of Mucolytics and Expectorants?
Caution if persistent cough
103
What are some examples of Mucolytics and Expectorants?
Mucolytic: Acetylcysteine Expectorant: Guaifenesin
104
What action do Antiarrhythmics have on the body?
Cardiac Arrhythmias: abnormal electric current in the heart 1. Blockade of Na or K channels 2. Rise the potential threshold 3. Block Beta Receptors 4. Block Calcium Channels
105
What are some uses of Cardiac Arrhythmias?
``` Premature ventricular contractions Tachycardia Premature atrial contractions Ventricular dysrhythmias Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter ```
106
What are some examples of Cardiac Arrhythmias medications?
``` Lidocaine HCL Amiodarone Beta Blockers Calcium Channel Blockers Verapamil Diltiazem ```
107
What action do Nitrate Antianginal agents have on the body?
Direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle of blood vessels. (Both arterials and veins)
108
What are Antianginal agents used for?
Treatment of angina pectoris
109
What are the contraindications of Nitrates?
Postural hypotension, closed-angle glaucoma and right sided heart failurs
110
What are some examples of Nitrates?
Nitroglycerin
111
What are the classes of Antihypertensives?
1. Ace Inhibitors, Angiotensin II antagonists 2. Diuretics 3. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) 4. Beta Blocker
112
What is the action of ACE inhibitors/ARB's?
1. Lower blood pressure by dilating or increasing the size of the arterial blood vessels 2. 1st line indication of treatment of hypertension in patients with Diabetes Mellitus
113
What are some adverse effects of Ace Inhibitors?
Dry, hacking cough has been described in 5 to 20 percent of patients treated with an ACE inhibitor
114
What is a contraindication of Ace Inhibitors?
Caution with Renal or Hepatic Disease | Electrolyte Imbalance
115
What are examples of Ace Inhibitors?
``` End with -Pril Lisinopril Captopril Enalapril Ramipril ```
116
What is the action of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Cause peripheral vasodilation (in inhibits calcium from getting into the muscle cells to cause contraction)
117
What are the uses of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Treating High Blood Pressure | Atrial Cardiac Arrhythmias
118
What are the 2 types of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Dihydropyridines: Potent Vasodilators | Non-Dihydropyridines: Less Potent Vasodilators
119
What are the contraindications for Calcium Channel Blockers?
Dihydropyridines: Hepatic Impairment, Severe Coronary Artery Disease, Severe Aortic Stenosis Non-Dihydropyridines: Sick Sinus Syndrome, Second or Third-degree heart block, Acute myocardial infarction, and Congestive Heart Failure
120
What are some examples of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Dihydropyridines: Nifedipine, Felodipine, Nicardipine, Amlodipine Non-Dihydropyridines: Verapamil, Diltiazem
121
How do Beta Blockers work?
1. Compete with sympathetic neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptor sites 2. Beta 1: Adrenergic receptor sites are located chiefly in the heart where stimulation results in increased heart rate, contractility and AV conduction 3. Beta 2: Adrenergic receptors are found mainly in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle and the uterus
122
What is the use of Beta Blockers?
Mgmt of hypertension, angina pectoris, tachyarrhythmia, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, migraine headaches, Myocardial Infarction, glaucoma, congestive heart failure, and hyperthyroidism
123
What are the contraindications for Beta Blockers?
Sinus Bradycardia Heart Block Hypotension Bronchial Asthma
124
What are some examples of Beta Blockers?
Metoprolol | Propanolol
125
How do Antihyperlipidemic Diuretics work?
Increases the secretion of urine
126
What are the subclasses of diuretics?
``` Carbonic Anyhdrase Inhibitor Loop Diuretics Osmotic Diuretics Potassium Sparing Thiazide ```
127
What are the uses of diuretics?
Open angle glaucoma, preoperatively to reduce intraocular pressure Edema due to congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver and/or renal disease Hypertension
128
What are the contraindications of Beta Blockers?
Cross sensitivity with sulfonamides kidney disease Electrolyte imbalance uncontrolled arrythmias
129
What are examples of Diuretics?
``` Carbonic Anyhdrase Inhibitor: Acetazolamide Loop Diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide Osmotic Diuretics: Mannitol Potassium Sparing: Spironolactone Thiazide: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) ```
130
What is the action of Hyperlipidemia Meds?
1. HMG-Coa reductase inhibitors (Statins): Inhibit an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis 2. Bile Acid Sequestrates: Bind cholesterol in the GI Tract 3. Fenofibrate: Reduces VLDL and stimulates the catabolism of Triglyceriderich lipoproteins, which results in decrease in plasma triglycerides and cholesterol
131
What is the use of Hyperlipidemia?
Reduction of blood lipids in an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its sequelae
132
What are some examples of Hyperlipidemia Meds?
1. HMG-Coa reductase inhibitors (Statins): Atorvastatin, Simvastatin 2. Bile Acid Sequestrates: Cholestyramine, Colestipol, Colesevelam 3. Fenofibrate: Fenofibrate
133
What is the action of Antacids?
Neutralize or reduce the acidity of the stomach and duodenal contents by combining with hydrochloric acid and producing salt and water
134
What are the uses of Antacids?
``` Heartburn Gastroesophageal Reflux Sour Stomach Acid Ingestion Peptic Ulcer ```
135
What are contraindications of antacids?
Severe abdominal pain of unknown cause Sodium containing: Patients with cardiovascular problems such as hypertension or Congestive Heart Failure Calcium Containing: Renal Calculi or hypercalcemia
136
What are examples of antacids?
Aluminum Hydroxide gel Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) Calcium Carbonate (Tums) Calcium Carbonate/Magnesium hydroxide: Rolaids Sodium citrate/citric acid: Bicitra, Oracit
137
What action does Histamine H2 Antagonist have on the body?
Inhibit the actions of histamine at histamine H2 receptor cells of the stomach which then reduces the secretion of gastric acid
138
What are the uses of Histamine H2 Antagonists?
``` Treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers Gastric hyper secretory conditions Gastroesophageal Reflux Prevention of stress related ulcers Acute upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding ```
139
What are examples of Histamine H2 Antagonist?
Cimetidine Famotidine Ranitidine: April 2020 the FDA requested removal of OTC versions of this product due to carcinogenic effects
140
What is the action of Proton Pump Inhibitors?
Suppress gastric acid secretion by blocking the final step in the production of gastric acid of the gastric mucosa
141
What are the uses of Proton Pump Inhibitors?
``` Treatment of gastric or duodenal ulcers GERD Pathological hypersecretory conditions Severe Heartburn Erosive Esophagitis Ulcers with Helicobacter Pylori Treatment of GERD in pregnancy is available ```
142
What are the contraindications of Proton Pump Inhibitors?
Risk of osteoporosis resulting from high dose and chronic use of PPIs
143
What are examples of proton pump inhibitors?
``` Esomeprazole Omeprazole Pantoprazole Rebeprazole Lansoprazole ```
144
What are the actions antidiarrheal?
Decrease intestinal peristalsis (natural Movement) which is usually increased in a patient with diarrhea
145
What are the uses of antidiarrheal meds?
Treatment of diarrhea
146
What are the contraindications of antidiarrheal meds?
Diarrhea associated with organisms that can harm the intestinal mucosa Pseudomembranous colitis Abdominal pain of unknown origin Obstructive jaundice
147
What are examples of antidiarrheal meds?
Loperamide
148
What is the action of antiflatulents?
Simethicone has a defoaming action that disperses and prevents the formation of mucus-surrounded gas pockets in the intestine
149
What are the uses of antiflatulents?
Relief of painful symptoms of excess gas in the digestive tract Generally considered safe in pregnancy
150
What are examples of antiflatulents?
Simethicone
151
What is the action of Laxatives?
Bulk-producing: Not digested by the body and therefore adds bulk and water to the contents of the intestines Emollient: Lubricate the intestinal walls and soften the stool Fecal softeners: Promote water retention in the fecal mass and soften stool Hyperosmolar: Dehydrate local tissue causes irritation and increases peristalsis Irritant or stimulant: Increase peristalsis by direct action on the intestine Saline: Attract or pull water into the intestine, increasing pressure in the intestine followed by an increase in peristalsis
152
What are the uses of laxatives?
Short term relief or preventions of constipation | Certain stimulant, emollient, and saline laxatives are used to empty the colon for rectal and bowel examinations
153
What are the examples of Laxatives?
Bulk-producing: Pysllium Metamucil, Methylcellulose, Polycarbophil, Wheat dextrin Emollient: Mineral Oil Fecal softeners: Docusate Sodium Hyperosmolar: Glycerin, Lactulose, Sorbitol Irritant or stimulant: Bisacodyl, Senna Saline: Magnesium citrate, Milk of magnesia
154
What are the actions of Hemorrhoid agents?
1. Topical corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties 2. Treating the underlying hemorrhoidal condition are best achieved by increasing consumption of fiber/fiber supplements, use of laxatives, applying warm sitz baths and invasive procedures
155
What is the use of Hemorrhoid agents?
Use in inflamed hemorrhoids
156
What are examples of Hemorrhoid agents?
``` Hydrocortisone Cortifoam Proctocream HC 2.5% cream Pramzine Tux pads ```
157
What is the action of insulin?
Stimulates peripheral glucose uptake and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen by the liver. Insulin promotes protein synthesis and helps the body store fat by preventing its breakdown for energy
158
What is the use if insulin?
Necessary for controlling type 1 diabetes mellitus that is caused by a marked decrease in the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas. Can be used to control more severe and complicated type 2 diabetes
159
What are contraindications of Insulin?
Allergy to animal (pig or cow) from which the insulin was obtained When taking combination with oral hypoglycemic agents may result in hypoglycemia
160
What is the action of oral antidiabetics?
Sulfonylureas- Lower blood glucose by stimulating beta cells of pancreas to make more insulin Biguanides- reduces hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat cell Glucosidase inhibitors: lower blood sugar by delaying digestion of carbs and absorption Meglitinides: Stimulates release of insulin Thiazolidinediones: decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity
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What are the uses of oral antidiabetics?
Used to treat patients with Type 2 diabetes not controlled with diet and exercise
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What are the Contraindications of oral antidiabetics?
Biguanides (Metformin) may result in lactic acidosis, especially in patients with renal impairment
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What are examples of oral antidiabetics?
``` Sulfonylureas- Glyburide Biguanides- Metformin Glucosidase inhibitors: Pioglitazone Insulin, Regular (injection, concentrated) Regular Insulin (insulin injection) ```
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What is the the action of Thyroid Hormones?
Influence every organ and tissue in the body
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What are the uses of Thyroid hormones?
Used as a replacement therapy when a patient is hypothyroid
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What are contraindications of Thyroid hormones?
Myocardial infarction | Thyrotoxicosis
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What are examples of Thyroid hormones?
Levothyroxine
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What actions do male hormones have on the body?
Testosterone and its derivatives aid in the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics: Facial hair, deep voice, body hair, body fat distribution and muscle development
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What are the uses of Male Hormone medications?
Replacement therapy for testosterone deficiency Breast Cancer in Females Delayed puberty in males
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What are contraindications of Male hormone medications?
Liver disorders Serious cardiac disease Prostate gland disorders Contraindicated in breast cancer in males; prostate cancer
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What are examples of male hormone meds?
Methyltestosterone
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What are the actions of contraceptives?
Estrogens: Protein anabolism, thinning of the cervical mucus, inhibitions of ovulation Progestin: Necessary for the development of placenta and inhibit the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, which in turn prevents maturation of the ovarian follicle and ovulation
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What are examples of oral contraceptives?
Progestin-only pills a: Norethindrone (Minipill) b: Drospirenone (Yasmin) c: Levonorgestrel (Emergency Contraceptive) One 1.5 mg tablet within 72 hours of unprotected sex Or one 0.75 mg tablet within 72 hours of unprotected sex and a second 0.75 tablet within 12 hours after the first dose
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What are the uses of contraceptives?
``` Prevents Pregnancy Regulation of Menstrual Cycle Dysmenorrhea Reduce Acne Note: must be taken at the exact time every day to be effective for birth control ```
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What are the contraindications of contraceptives?
Breast Cancer Undiagnosed abnormal genital/uterine bleeding Thromboembolic disease (Risk is increased in females 35 yrs or older and that use tobacco)

22010 (23 decks)

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