pharmacology terminology learning activity Flashcards
define: frequency distribution curve
graphical representation of the number of patients responding to a drug action at different doses
define: median effective dose
the dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients
define: median lethal dose
the dose of a drug that will be lethal in 50% of a group of animals
define: median toxicity dose
the dose that will give a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients
define: graded dose-response
by observing and measuring the patients response obtained at different doses of the drug one can explain several important clinical responses
define: potency
a drug that has more of this will produce therapeutic effect at a lower dose, compared with other drugs in the same class
define: efficacy
the magnitude of a maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug. a drug is considered to have more efficacy when it produces a higher maximal response
define: receptor
a cellular macromolecule to which a medication binds in order to initiate its effects
define: agonist
a drug that produce the same type of response as the endogenous substance
define: antagonist
a drug that occupies a receptor and prevents the endogenous chemical from acting
define: pharmacogenetics
an area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response
define: pharmacodynamics
the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and their mechanism of action
define: liver function test
blood tests used to assess the general state of the liver or biliary system
define: albumin
a major protein formed by the liver
define: ALT
alanine aminotransferase
define: bilirubin
main bile pigment in humans which, when elevated causes the yellow discolouration of the skin called juandice
define: biotransformation
the process of inactivating drugs and accelerating their excretion
define: mechanism of action
the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor
define: onset
time it takes for the drug to create a response
infants and elderly both have decreased…?
hepatic metabolic activity, which may alter the action of certain drugs
infants and elderly require a _______ in the dosage
reduction
primary site of excretion is the?
kidneys, also bowel and liver
concentration of drug in blood is determined by
kidneys ability to excrete
patients with renal failure require..
decreased dosages so their blood does not become toxic
define peak?
time it takes for the drug to reach its maximum response
length of time for a med to decrease conc in the plasma by one half after administration?
half-life
factors that would affect each individuals patients response to a drug?
age, CV function, renal function, GI function, hepatic function, disease, diet, infection, gender
for babies and peds, dosage must be calculated in?
mg/kg, or in body surface area
in the elderly numerous physiological changes affect the action of drugs… increase or decrease in gastric pH?
increase in gastric pH
-decrease in peristaltic rate, liver function, cardiac output, % body water, kidney function
main factors affecting action of a medication in relation to gender are
hormones and % of adipose tissue
primary consideration when administrating drugs to a pregnant woman is that?
some drugs pass through the placenta and effect the babe
grapefruit juice & drugs?
can inhibit the metabolism of certain drugs thereby raising their blood levels
any risks if your patient is taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and they are eating tyramine rich food?
- foods rich in tyramine no
- blood pressure can rise to a threatening level
when a drug states administer on a empty stomach how long before and after a meal is appropriate
1 hour before 2 hours after
primary pharmacodynamics changes in older adults?
- beta blocking less effective
- drugs on CNS intense effects
- alterations in receptor properties may underlie sensitivities
what is the beers list?
identifies drugs with a high likelihood of causing adverse effects in elderly
interventions to promote adherence to medications?
simplify regimen, number of doses a day
explain in simple terms
print large size on labels
get friend or caregiver to help
renal excretion is______ at birth
reduced
four factors of distribution
- increased body fat
- increased lean body mass
- decreased water
- reduced serum albumin
what can liver disease cause
drugs to accumulate, therefore if liver function declines rate of metabolism declines
what can kidney disease cause
reduced drug excretion causing drugs to accumulate in body, may accumulate to toxic levels
